The Effects of Pretreatment with Dipping Solution on Variation of Bos-calid Residue in Grape Samples During Drying Process with Natural Sunlight

Abstract

Field experiments were carried out to investigate the variation of boscalid level during the drying period in grape samples that were pretreated and untreated with a dipping solution named POTAS prior to natural sunlight drying. Grape samples were collected at harvest and on the 3^rd, 7^th and 10^th days after harvest (during the drying process of the pretreated and untreated grapes). Initially, 360 different pesticides were scanned qualitatively by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS after QuEChERS (Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) extraction method and only boscalid was observed in grape samples. Consequently, study was concentrated on boscalid extraction and analysis. Boscalid residues were extracted and cleaned up using QuEChERS method. The analysis method shows a good linearity over the concentration range of 0.010-0.125 mg kg^-1 with a correlation coefficient value of 0.998. Recoveries of the extraction and the analysis methods ranged from 74.8 to 100.8% within 0.7-1.7 % RSD at three different concentration levels. Detection and quantification limits were 0.77 and 2.55 µg kg^-1, respectively. The uncertainty of the method was calculated as 0.100±0.040 mg kg^-1. The results showed that grapes pretreated with the dipping solution prior to drying process showed shorter drying times and higher boscalid degradation rate than those untreated.

Keywords

• Boscalid,degradation,GC-MS,QuEChERS,raisin

References

1. 1. Esmaiili, M, Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R, Cronin, K, Mousavi, M.A.E, Rezazadeh, G, Grape Drying: A Review, Food Reviews International, 2007, 23, 257–280.
2. 2. Sanz, M.L, del Castillo, M.D, Corzo, N, Olano, A, Formation of Amadori Compounds in Dehydrated Fruits, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001, 49, 5228–5231.
3. 3. Doymaz, İ, Pala, M, The effects of dipping pretreatments on air-drying rates of the seedless grapes, Journal of Food Engineering, 2002, 52, 413–417.
4. 4. Christensen, L.P, Raisin Production Manual; University of California. UCANR Publications, 2000.
5. 5. Isin, S, Yildirim, I, Fruit-growers’ perceptions on the harmful effects of pesticides and their reflection on practices: The case of Kemalpasa, Turkey, Crop Protection, 2007, 26, 917–922.
6. 6. Tournas, V.H, Katsoudas, E, Mould and yeast flora in fresh berries, grapes and citrus fruits, International Journal of Food Microbiolgy, 2005, 105, 11–17.
7. 7. Avenot, H.F, Michailides, T.J, Resistance to Boscalid Fungicide in Alternaria alternata Isolates from Pistachio in California, Plant Disease, 2007, 91, 1345–1350.
8. 8. Reilly, T.J, Smalling, K.L, Orlando, J.L, Kuivila, K.M, Occurrence of boscalid and other selected fungicides in surface water and groundwater in three targeted use areas in the United States, Chemosphere, 2012, 89, 228–234.

9. 9. Machado, I, Gérez, N, Pistón, M, Heinzen, H, Cesio, M.V, Determination of pesticide residues in globe artichoke leaves and fruits by GC–MS and LC–MS/MS using the same QuEChERS procedure, Food Chemistry, 2017, 227, 227–236.
10. 10. Munitz, M.S, Resnik, S.L, Montti, M.I.T, Method development and validation for boscalid in blueberries by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography, and their degradation kinetics, Food Chemistry, 2013, 136, 1399–1404.
11. 11. Arienzo, M, Cataldo, D, Ferrara, L, Pesticide residues in fresh-cut vegetables from integrated pest management by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, Food Control, 2013, 31, 108–115.
12. 12. Souza, D, Souza, E, Borges, E, Determination of Pesticides in Grape Juices by QuEChERS and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2016, 27, 1626–1635.
13. 13. Pelit, F.O, Pelit, L, Ertaş, H, Ertaş, F.N, Development of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of Chlorpyrifos and its metabolite Chlorpyrifos-oxon in wine matrix, Journal of Chromatography B, 2012, 904, 35–41.
14. 14. Banerjee, K, Oulkar, D.P, Dasgupta, S, Patil, S.B, Patil, S.H, Savant, R, Adsule, P.G, Validation and uncertainty analysis of a multi-residue method for pesticides in grapes using ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 2007, 1173, 98–109.
15. 15. Gilbert-López, B, García-Reyes, J.F, Lozano, A, Fernández-Alba, A.R, Molina-Díaz, A, Large-scale pesticide testing in olives by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry using two sample preparation methods based on matrix solid-phase dispersion and QuEChERS, Journal of Chromatography A, 2010, 1217, 6022–6035.
16. 16. González-Curbelo, M.Á, Hernández-Borges, J, Ravelo-Pérez, L.M, Rodríguez-Delgado, M.Á, Insecticides extraction from banana leaves using a modified QuEChERS method, Food Chemistry, 2011, 125, 1083–1090.
17. 17. Lehotay, S.J, Son, K.A, Kwon, H, Koesukwiwat, U, Fu, W, Mastovska, K, Hoh, E, Leepipatpiboon, N, Comparison of QuEChERS sample preparation methods for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, Journal of Chromatography A, 2010, 1217, 2548–2560.
18. 18. Sirhan, A.Y, Tan, G.H, Wong, R.C.S, Method validation in the determination of aflatoxins in noodle samples using the QuEChERS method (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector (HPLC–FLD), Food Control, 2011, 22, 1807–1813.
19. 19. Wilkowska, A, Biziuk, M, Determination of pesticide residues in food matrices using the QuEChERS methodology, Food Chemistry, 2011, 125, 803–812.
20. 20. Lagunas-Allué, L, Sanz-Asensio, J, Martínez-Soria, M.T, Comparison of four extraction methods for the determination of fungicide residues in grapes through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 2012, 1270, 62–71.
21. 21. Ellison, S.L.R, Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement, EURACHEM/CITAC Guide, 2nd ed., 2000.
22. 22. Čuš, F, Česnik, H.B, Bolta, Š.V, Gregorčič, A, Pesticide residues and microbiological quality of bottled wines, Food Control, 2010, 21, 150–154.
23. 23. Pizzutti, I.R, de Kok, A, Hiemstra, M, Wickert, C, Prestes, O.D, Method validation and comparison of acetonitrile and acetone extraction for the analysis of 169 pesticides in soya grain by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 2009, 1216, 4539–4552.
24. 24. Lassalle, Y, Kinani, A, Rifai, A, Souissi, Y, Clavaguera, C, Bourcier, S, Jaber, F, Bouchonnet, S, UV-visible degradation of boscalid--structural characterization of photoproducts and potential toxicity using in silico tests, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2014, 28, 1153–1163.
25. 25. Reinheimer, J.D, Mayle, L.L, Dolnikowski, G.G, Gerig, J.T, Reaction of 2-halo-5-nitropyridines with hydroxide ion in dimethyl sulfoxide, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1980, 45, 3097–3100.
26. 26. Gassman, P.G, Hodgson, P.K.G, Balchunis, R.J, Base-promoted hydrolysis of amides at ambient temperatures, Journal of American Chemical Society, 1976, 98, 1275–1276.