Different Extraction Techniques on the Characteristic Properties of Valonea Tannin

Abstract

Valonea extract is a natural tannage widely applied in leather industry which is produced via conventional hot water extraction method. On the otherhand more environmental friendly methods have started to be used in extraction technology recently. Present paper reports on the effect of different extraction methods on the properties of valonea extracts. For this purpose, conventional solvent extraction (CSE) (methanol/water mixture), supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) extraction and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) (water/CO₂ binary system) techniques have been employed on valonea and the obtained extracts have been characterized. Molecular weight of the tannins was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), particle size was examined by Malvern Zetasizer instrument, chemical structure by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Tannin content was also examined and the results were compared with commercial valonea extract (CVT). The results showed that especially particle size of the tannins was affected by the applied extraction method and the smallest particle size was obtained by PFE method as 505.3 nm compared to commercial tannin as 983.0 nm of average particle size. PFE method was also provided more uniform extract according to the polydispersity index values. GPC and FTIR analyses showed slightly differences on the characteristics of tannins.

Keywords

• conventional solvent extraction,supercritical CO2 extraction,pressurized fluid extraction,Leather,valonea tannin

References

1. 1. Renner, M, Weidner, E, Björn, J, Helmut, G, Free of water tanning using CO2 as process additive - an overview on the process development, Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2012, 66, 291-296.
2. 2. Sundar, V.J, Muralidharan, C, Mandal, A.B, Eco-benign stabilization of skinprotein - role of Jatropha curcas oil as a co-tanning agent, Industrial Crops and Products, 2013, 47, 227-231.
3. 3. Maier, M, Oelbermann, A.L, Renner, M, Weidner, E, Screening of European medicinal herbs on their tannin content-New potential tanning agents for the leather industry, Industrial Crops and Products, 2017, 99, 19-26.
4. 4. Kanth, S.V, Venba, R, Madhan, B, Chandrababu, N.K, Sadulla, S, Cleaner tanning practices for tannery pollution abatement: Role of enzymes in eco-friendly vegetable tanning, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2009, 17, 507-515.
5. 5. Huang, W, Niu, H, Li, Z, Li, L, Wang, W, Ellagic acid from acorn fringe by enzymatic hydrolysis and combined effects of operational variables and enzymes on yield of the production, Bioresource Technology, 2008, 99, 1518-1525.
6. 6. Markom, M, Hasan, M, Wan Daud, W.R, Singh, H, Jahim, J.M, Extraction of hydrolysable tannins from Phyllanthus niruri Linn.: Effects of solvents and extraction methods, Separation and Purification Technology, 2007, 52, 487-496.
7. 7. Timur, S, Kantarli, I.C, Onen, S, Yanik, J, Characterization and application of activated carbon produced from oak cups pulp, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2010, 89, 129-136.
8. 8. Vázquez, G, González-Alvarez, J, Santos, J, Freire, M.S, Antorrena, G, Evaluation of potential applications for chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark extracts, Industrial Crops and Products, 2009, 29, 364-370.

9. 9. Teng, B, Zhang, T, Gong, Y, Chen, W, Molecular weights and tanning properties of tannin fractions from the Acacia mangium bark, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2013, 8, 5996-6001.
10. 10. Yildiz, E, Karabulut, D, Celiktas, O.Y, A bioactivity based comparison of Echinacea purpurea extracts obtained by various processes, Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2014, 89, 8-15.
11. 11. Rangsriwong, P, Rangkadilok, N, Satayavivad, J, Goto, M, Shotipruk, A, Subcritical water extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Terminalia chebula Retz. fruits, Separation and Purification Technology, 2009, 66, 51-56.
12. 12. Zhao, S, Zhang, D, A parametric study of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from Moringa oleifera seeds using a response surface methodology, Separation and Purification Technology, 2013, 113, 9-17.
13. 13. Ozgunay, H, Sari, O, Tozan, M, Molecular investigation of valonea tannin, Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 2007, 102, 154-157.
14. 14. Yang, L, Wang, D, Zhou, D, Zhang, Y, Effect of different isolation methods on structure and properties oflignin from valonea of Quercus variabilis, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016, 85, 417-424.
15. 15. Onem, E, Gulumser, G, Akay, S, Celiktas, O.Y, Optimization of tannin isolation from acorn and application in leather processing, Industrial Crops and Products, 2014, 53, 16-22.
16. 16. Onem, E, Gulumser, G, Renner, M, Oelbermann, A.L, Celiktas, O.Y, Pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) of valonea tannin with binary H2O-CO2 and ternary H2O-CH3OH-CO2 systems and phase equilibrium studies, Separation and Purification Technology, 2015, 146, 101-107.
17. 17. Sivakumar, V, Swaminathan, G, Rao, P.G, Ramasami, T, Sono-leather technology with ultrasound: A boon for unit operations in leather processing - review of our research work at Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), India, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2009, 16, 116-119.
18. 18. Kalani, M, Yunus, R, Abdullah, N, Optimizing supercritical antisolvent process parameters to minimize the particle size of paracetamol nanoencapsulated in L-polylactide, International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2011, 6, 1101-1105.
19. 19. Celiktas, O.Y, Uyanikgil, E.O.C, In vitro release kinetics of polycaprolactone encapsulated plant extract fabricated by supercritical antisolvent process and solvent evaporation method, Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2012, 62, 219-225.
20. 20. Natarajan, V, Krithica, N, Madhan, B, Sehgal, P.K, Formulation and evaluation of quercetin polycaprolactone microspheres for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011, 100, 195-205.