The Effect of Brassinosteroid on Pollen Germination and Tube Growth in Three Dianthus Species

Abstract

In this study, the effect of brassinosteroid on pollen germination and tube growth of Dianthus calocephalus, Dianthus carmelitarum, and Dianthus deltoides were investigated. Brassinosteroid treatment increased the germination rate in all species (except 0.05 mM in Dianthus carmelitarum and 2.5 mM in D. deltoides). However, a significant increase was only observed in D. deltoides. The germination rate was highest after 0.25 mM BR treatment in D. calocephalus, while the germination rate was highest after 0.5 mM BR treatment in D. carmelitanum and D. deltoides. Brassinosteroid treatment increased the tube length in all species. However, a significant increase was only observed in D. calocephalus. Also, tube length was maximum after 0.25 mM BR treatment in D. calocephalus and D. carmelitarum, while tube length was maximum after 0.5 mM BR treatment in D. deltoides. Brassinosteroid treatment increased the tube abnormality rate (except 0.25 mM in D. deltoides), insignificantly. 

Keywords

• Brassinosteroid,Dianthus,Plant bioregulators,Pollen germination,Pollen tube growth

References

1. 1. Obmann, A, Werner, I, Presser, A, Zehl, M, Swoboda, Z, Purevsuren, S, Narantuya, S, Kletter, C, Glasl S. 2011. Flavonoid C- and O-glycosides from the Mongolian medicinal plant Dianthus versicolor Fisch. Carbohydrate Research; 346, 1868-1875.
2. 2. Aliyazicioglu, R, Demir, S, Badem, M, Sener, SO, Korkmaz, N, Demir, EA., Ozgen, U, Karaoglu, SA, Aliyazicioglu, Y. 2017. Antioxidant, antigenotoxic, antimicrobial activities and phytochemical analysis of Dianthus carmelitarum. Records of Natural Products; 11(3).
3. 3. Nimura, M, Kato, J, Mii, M. 2006. Interspecific hybrid production by reciprocal crosses between Dianthus caryophyllus L. and Dianthus× isensis Hirahata et Kitamura. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology; 81(6), 995-1001.
4. 4. Williams, EG, Rouse, JL. 1990. Relationships of pollen size, pistil length and pollen tube growth rates in Rhododendron and their influence on hybridization. Sexual Plant Reproduction; 3(1):7-17.
5. 5. Jia, MX, Shi, Y, Di, W, Jiang, XR, Xu, J, Liu, Y. 2017. ROS-induced oxidative stress is closely related to pollen deterioration following cryopreservation. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant; 53(4), 433–439.
6. 6. Çetinbaş-Genç, A. 2019. Putrescine modifies the pollen tube growth of tea (Camellia sinensis) by affecting actin organization and cell wall structure. Protoplasma; 1-13.
7. 7. Daher, FB, Chebli Y, Geitmann, A. 2009. Optimization of conditions for germination of cold-stored Arabidopsis thaliana pollen. Plant Cell Reports; 28(3), 347-357.
8. 8. Beale, KM, Johnson, MA. 2013. Speed dating, rejection, and finding the perfect mate: advice from flowering plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology; 16(5), 590-597.

9. 9. Ylstra, B, Touraev, A, Moreno, RMB, Stöger, E, van Tunen, A. J., Vicente, O., Mol, JNM, Heberle-Bors, E. 1992. Flavonols stimulate development, germination, and tube growth of tobacco pollen. Plant Physiology; 100(2):902-907.
10. 10. Wang, Q, Lu, L, Wu, X, Li, Y, Lin, J. 2003. Boron influences pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Picea meyeri. Tree Physiology; 23(5):345–351.
11. 11. Wu, J, Shang, Z, Wu, J, Jiang, X, Moschou, PN, Sun, W, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA, Zhang S. 2010. Spermidine oxidase-derived H2O2 regulates pollen plasma membrane hyperpolarization-activated Ca2+-permeable channels and pollen tube growth. The Plant Journal; 63(6):1042–1053.
12. 12. Vogler, F, Schmalzl, C, Englhart, M, Bircheneder, M, Sprunck, S. 2014. Brassinosteroids promote Arabidopsis pollen germination and growth. Plant Reproduction; 27(3):153-167.
13. 13. Planas-Riverola, A, Gupta, A, Betegón-Putze, I, Bosch, N, Ibañes, M, Caño-Delgado, AI. 2019. Brassinosteroid signaling in plant development and adaptation to stress. Development; 146(5), dev151894.
14. 14. Tanveer, M. 2019. Role of 24-Epibrassinolide in ınducing thermo-tolerance in plants. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation; 1-11.
15. 15. Maita, S, Sotomayor, C. 2015. The effect of three plant bioregulators on pollen germination, pollen tube growth and fruit set in almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb] cvs. Non Pareil and Carmel. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology; 18(5), 381-386.
16. 16. Khamsuk, O, Sonjaroon, W, Suwanwong, S, Jutamanee, K, Suksamrarn, A. 2018. Effects of 24-epibrassinolide and the synthetic brassinosteroid mimic on chili pepper under drought. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum; 40(6), 106.
17. 17. Singh, I, Shono, M. 2005. Physiological and molecular effects of 24-epibrassinolide, a brassinosteroid on thermotolerance of tomato. Plant Growth Regulation; 47(2-3), 111.
18. 18. Thussagunpanit, J, Jutamanee, K, Kaveeta, L, Chai-Arree, W, Pankean, P, Suksamrarn, A. 2013. Effects of a brassinosteroid and an ecdysone analogue on pollen germination of rice under heat stress. Journal of Pesticide Science; D13-029.
19. 19. Sotomayor, C, Castro, J, Velasco, N, Toro, R. 2012. Influence of seven growth regulators on fruit set, pollen germination and pollen tube growth of almonds. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology; 2(9B):1051.
20. 20. Gökbayrak, Z, Engin, H. 2018. Effects of foliar-applied brassinosteroid on viability and ın vitro germination of pollen collected from bisexual and functional male flowers of pomegranate. International Journal of Fruit Science; 18(2), 226-230.
21. 21. Brewbaker, JL, Kwack, BH. 1963. The essential role of calcium ion in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. American Journal of Botany; 9, 859–865.
22. 22. Wu, Y, Qin, B, Feng, K, Yan, R, Kang, E, Liu, T, Shang, Z. 2018. Extracellular ATP promoted pollen germination and tube growth of Nicotiana tabacum through promoting K+ and Ca 2+ absorption. Plant Reproduction; 31(4):399-410.
23. 23. Muhlemann, JK, Younts, TL, Muday, GK. 2018. Flavonols control pollen tube growth and integrity by regulating ROS homeostasis during high-temperature stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 115(47), E11188-E11197.
24. 24. Wu, J, Qin, Y, Zhao, J. 2008. Pollen tube growth is affected by exogenous hormones and correlated with hormone changes in styles in Torenia fournieri L.. Plant Growth Regulation; 55(2):137-148.
25. 25. Chhun, T, Aya, K, Asano, K, Yamamoto, E, Morinaka, Y, Watanabe, M, Kitano, H, Ashikari, M, Matsuoka, M, Ueguchi-Tanaka, M. 2007. Gibberellin regulates pollen viability and pollen tube growth in rice. The Plant Cell, 19(12); 3876-3888.
26. 26. Zhang, W, Sheng, J, Xu, Y, Xiong, F, Wu, Y, Wang, W, Wang, Z, Yang, J, Zhang, J. 2019. Role of brassinosteroids in rice spikelet differentiation and degeneration under soil-drying during panicle development. BMC Plant Biology; 19(1):1-16.
27. 27. Hewitt, FR, Hough, T, O'Neill, P, Sasse, JM, Williams, EG, Rowan, KS. 1985. Effect of brassinolide and other growth regulators on the germination and growth of pollen tubes of Prunus avium using a multiple hanging-drop assay. Functional Plant Biology; 12(2), 201-211.
28. 28. Engin, H, Gökbayrak, Z, Altunbaş, D. 2015. Epibrassinolid, gibberellik asit ve naftalen asetik asittin bazı nar çeşitlerinde çiçek tozu çimlenme oranlarına etkisi. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi; 3(2), 19-25.
29. 29. Engin, H, Gökbayrak, Z. 2016. In vitro pollen viability and germination of bisexual and functional male flowers of some Turkish pomegranate cultivars. Agriculture and Forestry; 62(4), 91-94.
30. 30. Srinivasan, A, Saxena, N, Johansen, C. 1999. Cold tolerance during early reproductive growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): genetic variation in gamete development and function. Field Crop Research; 60(3): 209–222.
31. 31. Liu, Z, Yuan, YL, Liu, SQ, Yu, XN, Rao, LQ. 2006. Screening for high‐temperature tolerant cotton genotypes by testing in vitro pollen germination, pollen tube growth and boll retention. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology; 48(6), 706–714.
32. 32. Ledesma, N, Sugiyama, N. 2005. Pollen quality and performance in strawberry plants exposed to high-temperature stress. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science; 130(3), 341–347.