Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

20.yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 23, 80 - 91, 15.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.55483/cekmece.1409744

Abstract

Çalışmanın temel amacını 20.yy.da meydana gelen İspanya faşist rejiminin kollektif hafıza ve tanık olmuşluklarla bir bağlantısı olup olmadığı sorusu oluşturmaktadır. Eğer tarih ilerlemeci bir bilimse – bu noktada döngüsel ya da lineer olması fark etmemektedir- içinde yaşadığımız çağın her olayını modernitenin getirisi olarak sunmak tarihi moderniteyle birlikte başlatmak anlamına gelmektedir. Halbuki çalışma özelinde İber Yarımadası’nda 20. yüzyıl faşizminin ve milliyetçiliğinin köklerinin hem yarımadanın multi kültürel yapısına hem de bu yapının oluşturduğu derin ayrılıklara dayandığı görülmektedir. O nedenle bu ayrılıkları anlayabilmenin yolu Franco rejiminin oluştuğu yüzyıla odaklanmaktan ziyade İber Yarımadası ve İspanyol tarihini incelemekten geçmektedir. Gerek Ferdinand ve Isabella evliliği dönemi, gerekse sömürgelerdeki proto ayrımcılık izleri 20.yy. İspanya’sının sıfır noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca her ne kadar ortaçağ boyunca saf kan yasaları yaygın olsa da İspanya’nın sahip olduğu kozmopolit kültürün İspanyolları biyolojik ırkçılıktan ziyade kültürel ırkçılığa yönelttiği, bu noktada da asimilasyon politikalarının devreye girdiği görülmektedir.

References

  • Anderson, B. (1995). Hayali Cemaatler-Milliyetçiliğin Kökenleri ve Yayılması. (İ. Savaşır, Çev.) İstanbul: Metin Yayınları.
  • Anonim. (1879). The Poem of The Cid. (J. Ormsby, Çev.) London: Spottishwoode and Co.
  • Armstrong, J. A. (1982). Nations Before Nationalism. Chape Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Basilio, M. (2002). Genealogies for a New State: Painting and Propaganda in Franco’s Spain, 1936-1940. Discourse, 24(3): 67-94.
  • Bronner, S. J. (Ed.). (2007). The Ritual Murder or Blood Libel Legend: A Study of Anti-Semitic Victimization through Projective Inversion. İçinde Meaning of Folklore: The Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes, Logan,Utah: Utah State University Press, 382-409.
  • Campos, I. S. (2004). Fascism, Fascistization and Developmentalism in Franco’s Dictatorship. Social History, 29(3): 342-357.
  • Cantimpre, de T. (1627). Bonum universale de Apibus. (akt: Netanyahu, B. ) The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain, New York: Random House. 1995.
  • Collas, I. (1993). The Poem of The Cid as a Masochistic Fantasy a Psychoanalytic Reading. Doctoral thesis. New York: New York University.
  • Correa Secall, M. C. (2017). Discursive strategies of “purity of blood” in The First New Chronicle and Good Government by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. Master's thesis. Berlin: Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.
  • Druliolle, V. (2018). The Struggle for Recognition of the Stolen Children and the Politics of Victimhood in Spain. İçinde V. Druliolle, & R. Brett (Eds.), The Politics of Victimhood in Post-conflict Societies, Vham: Palgrave Macmillan, 77-99.
  • El Adelanto, (1936). 19.03.2023 tarihinde https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=2000951106 adresinden alındı.
  • Ellwood, S. M. (1987). Spanish Fascism In The Franco Era Falange Espanola de las Jons, 1936-76 . New York: Martin's Press.
  • Espina, de A. (1494). Fortalitium Fidei. Nuremberg: Anton Koberger. (akt: Nirenberg, D. )Race and the Middle Ages: The Case of Spain and Its Jews. İçinde M. R. Greer, W. D. Mignolo, & M. Quilligan (Eds.), Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empires, (71-87). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2017.
  • Eytan, Y. G. (2021). Conversos, Moriscos, and the Eucharist in Early Modern Spain: Some Reflections on Jewish Exceptionalism. Jewish History, (35): 265-291.
  • Fredrickson, G. M. (2002). Racism: A Short History . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Geary, P. J. (2017). Uluslar Miti ve Avrupa Kimliği. (Ç. Sümer, Çev.) İstanbul: Yazılama Yayınevi.
  • Gellner, E. (1992). Uluslar ve Ulusculuk. (B. Ersanlı Bahadır, & G. G. Özdoğan, Çev.) İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Goode, J. (2009). Impurity of Blood: Defining Race in Spain, 1870-1930. Baton Rouge,LA: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Gottheil, R., Kayserling , M. & Jacobs J. (t.y.). Spain, 23.03.2023 tarihinde Jewish Encyclopedia https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14710-visigoths#anchor4 adresinden alındı
  • Guibernau, M. (2004). Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, Transition and Democracy. New York: Routledge.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (2020). Milletler ve Miliyetçilik. (O. Akınhay, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Jacobs, J., & Kayserling , M. (t.y.). Marano (plural, Maranos, generally written Marranos), 24.04.2023 tarihinde Jewish Encyclopedia: https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10388-marano adresinden alındı
  • Junco, J. Á. (2017). History and National Myth. İçinde J. M. Luzón, & X. M. Seixas (Eds.), Metaphors Of Spain: Representations of Spanish National Identity in the Twentieth Century. New York: Berghahn Books, 9-32.
  • Kamen, H. (2014). The Spanish Inquisition a Historical Revision. London: Yale University Press.
  • Karaca,, M., Macun, Ş., & Çakı, C. (2022). Franco İspanya’sında Afişler Üzerinden Falanjizm Propagandası. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2):702-715.
  • Kedourie, E. (1971). Avrupa'da Milliyetçilik. (M. H. Timurtaş, Çev.) Ankara: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
  • Kılıç, A. (2016). İspanyol Engizisyonu ve Müslümanlar. İnsan ve Toplum, 6(1):85-118.
  • Kohn, H. (1965). Nationalism Its Meaning and History. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.
  • Library of Congress (05, 2023). El generalisimo / Pedrero. Delegación Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda, Spain. https://www.loc.gov/item/2008681254/# adresinden alındı.
  • Luzón, J. M., & Seixas, X. M. (2017). The Flag and the Anthem The Disputed Official Symbols of Spain. İçinde J. M. Luzón, & X. M. Seixas (Eds.), Metaphors Of Spain: Representations of Spanish National Identity in the Twentieth Century. New York: Berghahn Books, 33-62.
  • Mangan, J. E. (2009). A Market of Identities Women, Trade, and Ethnic Labels in Colonial Potosí. İçinde W. D. Mignolo, I. Silverblatt, & S. Saldívar Hull (Eds.), Latin America Otherwise: Languages, Empires, Nations. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 61-80.
  • Martinez, M. E. (2008). Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Melammed, R. L. (2004). A question of Identity : Iberian Conversos in Historical Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Modrow, S., & Smith, M. (t.y.). The Papal Bull Inter Caetera of May 4, 1493, 20.05.2023 tarihinde https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/assets/pdfs/Inter_Caetera_Modrow&Smith.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Mumford, J. (2009). Aristocracy on the Auction Block Race, Lords, and the Perpetuity Controversy of Sixteenth-Century Peru. İçinde W. D. Mignolo, I. Silverblatt, & S. S. Hull (Eds.), Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 39-60.
  • Nirenberg, D. (2007). Race and the Middle Ages: The Case of Spain and Its Jews. İçinde M. R. Greer, W. D. Mignolo, & M. Quilligan (Eds.), Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empires, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 71-87.
  • Orozco, S. de C. Tesoro de la Lengua Castellana Española. (akt: Chaves, M. E.) Race and Caste Other Words and Other Worlds. İçinde M. S. H. Torres, M. E. Martinez & D. Nirenberg (Eds.), Race and Blood In The Iberian World. (39-60). Berlin: Lit Verlag. 2012.
  • Passmore, K. (2002). Fascism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Pastor, E. R. (2007). Spanish Catholic Church in Franco Regime: A Marriage of Convenience. Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte, 20(2): 275-287.
  • Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Payne, S. G. (2004). A History of Fascism 1914-1945. London: Routledge.
  • Payne, S. G. (2011). Spain a Unique History. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Pemartin, J. (1938). ¿Qué es lo nuevo? Consideraciones sobre el momento español presente,. (akt: Guibernau M.). Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, Transition and Democracy, New York: Routledge. 2004. Poliakov, L. (2011). Leon Poliakov, Ari Miti Avrupa’da Irkçı ve Milliyetçi Fikirlerin Tarihi. (Y. Kaya, & A. Yıldırım , Çev.) Ankara: Epos Yayınları.
  • Poole, S. (1999). The Politics of Limpieza de Sangre: Juan de Ovando and His Circle in the Reign of Philip II. The Americas, 55(3): 359-389.
  • Preston, P. (2012). The Spanish Holocaust Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Renan, E. (2016). Ulus Nedir? (G. Yavaş, Çev.) İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık.
  • Rich, S. G. (1952). Franco Spain: A Reappraisal. Political Science Quarterly, 67(3): 378-398.
  • Roth, C. (1940). Marranos and Racial Antisemitism: A Study in Parallels. Jewish Social Studies, 2(3): 239-248.
  • Roth, N. (2003). Host Desecration. İçinde N. Roth (Ed.), Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge, 332-335.
  • Sánchez, A. C. (2014). Franco: The Biography Of The Myth . New York: Routledge.
  • Sánchez, S. M. (2013). The Spanish Bishops And Nazism During The Spanish Civil War. The Catholic Historical Review, 99(3): 499-530.
  • Sanjuán, A. G. (2021). Endülüs’ün İspanyol Tarihi Belleğinde Çarpıtılması. The Legends Journal of European History Studies(4): 130-140.
  • Singer I. & Kayserling , M. (t.y.). Spina (Espina), Alfonso De, 23.03.2023 tarihinde Jewish Encyclopedia: https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13960-spina-espina-alfonso-de adresinden alındı
  • Smith, A. (2002). Ulusların Etnik Kökeni. (S. Bayramoğlu, & H. Kendir , Çev.) Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Smith, A. (2017). Etno-Sembolizm ve Milliyetçilik. (B. F. Çallı, Çev.) İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Stallaert, C. (2006). Ni una gota de sangre impura. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores. (akt: Goode, J.). İmpurity of Blood: Defining Race in Spain, 1870-1930. Baton Rouge,LA: Louisiana State University Press. 2009.
  • Stern, S. J. (1993). Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Sussman, R. W. (2014). The Myth of Race. Cambridge, Massachusett: Harvard University Press.
  • The Alhambra Decree-- Edict of the Expulsion of the Jews of Spain (1492) 07.03.23 tarihinde https://www.fau.edu/artsandletters/pjhr/chhre/pdf/hh-alhambra-1492-english.pdf adresinden alındı .
  • Torres, M. H. (2012). Purity Of Blood. İçinde M. H. Torres, M. E. Martínez, & D. Nirenberg (Eds.), Race and Blood in The Iberian World, Berlin: Lit Verlag, 11-38.
  • Vitoria, F. (1991). Political Writings. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 23, 80 - 91, 15.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.55483/cekmece.1409744

Abstract

References

  • Anderson, B. (1995). Hayali Cemaatler-Milliyetçiliğin Kökenleri ve Yayılması. (İ. Savaşır, Çev.) İstanbul: Metin Yayınları.
  • Anonim. (1879). The Poem of The Cid. (J. Ormsby, Çev.) London: Spottishwoode and Co.
  • Armstrong, J. A. (1982). Nations Before Nationalism. Chape Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Basilio, M. (2002). Genealogies for a New State: Painting and Propaganda in Franco’s Spain, 1936-1940. Discourse, 24(3): 67-94.
  • Bronner, S. J. (Ed.). (2007). The Ritual Murder or Blood Libel Legend: A Study of Anti-Semitic Victimization through Projective Inversion. İçinde Meaning of Folklore: The Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes, Logan,Utah: Utah State University Press, 382-409.
  • Campos, I. S. (2004). Fascism, Fascistization and Developmentalism in Franco’s Dictatorship. Social History, 29(3): 342-357.
  • Cantimpre, de T. (1627). Bonum universale de Apibus. (akt: Netanyahu, B. ) The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain, New York: Random House. 1995.
  • Collas, I. (1993). The Poem of The Cid as a Masochistic Fantasy a Psychoanalytic Reading. Doctoral thesis. New York: New York University.
  • Correa Secall, M. C. (2017). Discursive strategies of “purity of blood” in The First New Chronicle and Good Government by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. Master's thesis. Berlin: Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.
  • Druliolle, V. (2018). The Struggle for Recognition of the Stolen Children and the Politics of Victimhood in Spain. İçinde V. Druliolle, & R. Brett (Eds.), The Politics of Victimhood in Post-conflict Societies, Vham: Palgrave Macmillan, 77-99.
  • El Adelanto, (1936). 19.03.2023 tarihinde https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=2000951106 adresinden alındı.
  • Ellwood, S. M. (1987). Spanish Fascism In The Franco Era Falange Espanola de las Jons, 1936-76 . New York: Martin's Press.
  • Espina, de A. (1494). Fortalitium Fidei. Nuremberg: Anton Koberger. (akt: Nirenberg, D. )Race and the Middle Ages: The Case of Spain and Its Jews. İçinde M. R. Greer, W. D. Mignolo, & M. Quilligan (Eds.), Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empires, (71-87). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2017.
  • Eytan, Y. G. (2021). Conversos, Moriscos, and the Eucharist in Early Modern Spain: Some Reflections on Jewish Exceptionalism. Jewish History, (35): 265-291.
  • Fredrickson, G. M. (2002). Racism: A Short History . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Geary, P. J. (2017). Uluslar Miti ve Avrupa Kimliği. (Ç. Sümer, Çev.) İstanbul: Yazılama Yayınevi.
  • Gellner, E. (1992). Uluslar ve Ulusculuk. (B. Ersanlı Bahadır, & G. G. Özdoğan, Çev.) İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Goode, J. (2009). Impurity of Blood: Defining Race in Spain, 1870-1930. Baton Rouge,LA: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Gottheil, R., Kayserling , M. & Jacobs J. (t.y.). Spain, 23.03.2023 tarihinde Jewish Encyclopedia https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14710-visigoths#anchor4 adresinden alındı
  • Guibernau, M. (2004). Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, Transition and Democracy. New York: Routledge.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (2020). Milletler ve Miliyetçilik. (O. Akınhay, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Jacobs, J., & Kayserling , M. (t.y.). Marano (plural, Maranos, generally written Marranos), 24.04.2023 tarihinde Jewish Encyclopedia: https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10388-marano adresinden alındı
  • Junco, J. Á. (2017). History and National Myth. İçinde J. M. Luzón, & X. M. Seixas (Eds.), Metaphors Of Spain: Representations of Spanish National Identity in the Twentieth Century. New York: Berghahn Books, 9-32.
  • Kamen, H. (2014). The Spanish Inquisition a Historical Revision. London: Yale University Press.
  • Karaca,, M., Macun, Ş., & Çakı, C. (2022). Franco İspanya’sında Afişler Üzerinden Falanjizm Propagandası. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2):702-715.
  • Kedourie, E. (1971). Avrupa'da Milliyetçilik. (M. H. Timurtaş, Çev.) Ankara: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
  • Kılıç, A. (2016). İspanyol Engizisyonu ve Müslümanlar. İnsan ve Toplum, 6(1):85-118.
  • Kohn, H. (1965). Nationalism Its Meaning and History. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.
  • Library of Congress (05, 2023). El generalisimo / Pedrero. Delegación Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda, Spain. https://www.loc.gov/item/2008681254/# adresinden alındı.
  • Luzón, J. M., & Seixas, X. M. (2017). The Flag and the Anthem The Disputed Official Symbols of Spain. İçinde J. M. Luzón, & X. M. Seixas (Eds.), Metaphors Of Spain: Representations of Spanish National Identity in the Twentieth Century. New York: Berghahn Books, 33-62.
  • Mangan, J. E. (2009). A Market of Identities Women, Trade, and Ethnic Labels in Colonial Potosí. İçinde W. D. Mignolo, I. Silverblatt, & S. Saldívar Hull (Eds.), Latin America Otherwise: Languages, Empires, Nations. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 61-80.
  • Martinez, M. E. (2008). Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Melammed, R. L. (2004). A question of Identity : Iberian Conversos in Historical Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Modrow, S., & Smith, M. (t.y.). The Papal Bull Inter Caetera of May 4, 1493, 20.05.2023 tarihinde https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/assets/pdfs/Inter_Caetera_Modrow&Smith.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Mumford, J. (2009). Aristocracy on the Auction Block Race, Lords, and the Perpetuity Controversy of Sixteenth-Century Peru. İçinde W. D. Mignolo, I. Silverblatt, & S. S. Hull (Eds.), Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 39-60.
  • Nirenberg, D. (2007). Race and the Middle Ages: The Case of Spain and Its Jews. İçinde M. R. Greer, W. D. Mignolo, & M. Quilligan (Eds.), Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empires, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 71-87.
  • Orozco, S. de C. Tesoro de la Lengua Castellana Española. (akt: Chaves, M. E.) Race and Caste Other Words and Other Worlds. İçinde M. S. H. Torres, M. E. Martinez & D. Nirenberg (Eds.), Race and Blood In The Iberian World. (39-60). Berlin: Lit Verlag. 2012.
  • Passmore, K. (2002). Fascism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Pastor, E. R. (2007). Spanish Catholic Church in Franco Regime: A Marriage of Convenience. Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte, 20(2): 275-287.
  • Paxton, R. O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Payne, S. G. (2004). A History of Fascism 1914-1945. London: Routledge.
  • Payne, S. G. (2011). Spain a Unique History. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Pemartin, J. (1938). ¿Qué es lo nuevo? Consideraciones sobre el momento español presente,. (akt: Guibernau M.). Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, Transition and Democracy, New York: Routledge. 2004. Poliakov, L. (2011). Leon Poliakov, Ari Miti Avrupa’da Irkçı ve Milliyetçi Fikirlerin Tarihi. (Y. Kaya, & A. Yıldırım , Çev.) Ankara: Epos Yayınları.
  • Poole, S. (1999). The Politics of Limpieza de Sangre: Juan de Ovando and His Circle in the Reign of Philip II. The Americas, 55(3): 359-389.
  • Preston, P. (2012). The Spanish Holocaust Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Renan, E. (2016). Ulus Nedir? (G. Yavaş, Çev.) İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık.
  • Rich, S. G. (1952). Franco Spain: A Reappraisal. Political Science Quarterly, 67(3): 378-398.
  • Roth, C. (1940). Marranos and Racial Antisemitism: A Study in Parallels. Jewish Social Studies, 2(3): 239-248.
  • Roth, N. (2003). Host Desecration. İçinde N. Roth (Ed.), Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge, 332-335.
  • Sánchez, A. C. (2014). Franco: The Biography Of The Myth . New York: Routledge.
  • Sánchez, S. M. (2013). The Spanish Bishops And Nazism During The Spanish Civil War. The Catholic Historical Review, 99(3): 499-530.
  • Sanjuán, A. G. (2021). Endülüs’ün İspanyol Tarihi Belleğinde Çarpıtılması. The Legends Journal of European History Studies(4): 130-140.
  • Singer I. & Kayserling , M. (t.y.). Spina (Espina), Alfonso De, 23.03.2023 tarihinde Jewish Encyclopedia: https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13960-spina-espina-alfonso-de adresinden alındı
  • Smith, A. (2002). Ulusların Etnik Kökeni. (S. Bayramoğlu, & H. Kendir , Çev.) Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Smith, A. (2017). Etno-Sembolizm ve Milliyetçilik. (B. F. Çallı, Çev.) İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Stallaert, C. (2006). Ni una gota de sangre impura. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores. (akt: Goode, J.). İmpurity of Blood: Defining Race in Spain, 1870-1930. Baton Rouge,LA: Louisiana State University Press. 2009.
  • Stern, S. J. (1993). Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Sussman, R. W. (2014). The Myth of Race. Cambridge, Massachusett: Harvard University Press.
  • The Alhambra Decree-- Edict of the Expulsion of the Jews of Spain (1492) 07.03.23 tarihinde https://www.fau.edu/artsandletters/pjhr/chhre/pdf/hh-alhambra-1492-english.pdf adresinden alındı .
  • Torres, M. H. (2012). Purity Of Blood. İçinde M. H. Torres, M. E. Martínez, & D. Nirenberg (Eds.), Race and Blood in The Iberian World, Berlin: Lit Verlag, 11-38.
  • Vitoria, F. (1991). Political Writings. New York: Cambridge University Press.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Movement, Histories of Race
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Belgin Sena Akçay Akdoğan 0009-0005-6561-4219

Publication Date February 15, 2024
Submission Date December 25, 2023
Acceptance Date January 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 23

Cite

APA Akçay Akdoğan, B. S. (2024). 20.yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler. Çekmece Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(23), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.55483/cekmece.1409744
AMA Akçay Akdoğan BS. 20.yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler. İZÜ Çekmece. February 2024;11(23):80-91. doi:10.55483/cekmece.1409744
Chicago Akçay Akdoğan, Belgin Sena. “20.Yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler”. Çekmece Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11, no. 23 (February 2024): 80-91. https://doi.org/10.55483/cekmece.1409744.
EndNote Akçay Akdoğan BS (February 1, 2024) 20.yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler. Çekmece Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11 23 80–91.
IEEE B. S. Akçay Akdoğan, “20.yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler”, İZÜ Çekmece, vol. 11, no. 23, pp. 80–91, 2024, doi: 10.55483/cekmece.1409744.
ISNAD Akçay Akdoğan, Belgin Sena. “20.Yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler”. Çekmece Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11/23 (February 2024), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.55483/cekmece.1409744.
JAMA Akçay Akdoğan BS. 20.yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler. İZÜ Çekmece. 2024;11:80–91.
MLA Akçay Akdoğan, Belgin Sena. “20.Yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler”. Çekmece Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 23, 2024, pp. 80-91, doi:10.55483/cekmece.1409744.
Vancouver Akçay Akdoğan BS. 20.yy. Faşizminin Tarihsel Dayanağı: İspanya’dan Örnekler. İZÜ Çekmece. 2024;11(23):80-91.