Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Ophthalmology

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 7 - 16, 12.01.2024

Sertaç Argun Kıvanç

Abstract

One of the first prophylaxis applications in the field of eye diseases was made by Dr. Crede in 1880. Dr Crede, an obstetrician and gynecologist, has used 2% silver nitrate in newborns against Neisseria gonorrhoea neonatal conjunctivitis. In surgery, wounds are divided into 4 groups: Clean: Surgical wounds Clean-contaminated: GIS, Urinary System, respiratory system surgical wounds Contaminated: Fresh trauma wounds Dirty: Late trauma wounds, presence of dead tissue, foreign body in the wound area Guidelines recommend antibiotic prophylaxis for clean and contaminated wounds. In case of implant placement, prophylaxis is also recommended for clean wounds. However, most of these approaches are in the form of antibiotic prophylaxis, which starts perioperatively and continues in the postoperative period.

Keywords

preoperative, surgery, prophylaxis, cataract, oculoplastic, antibiotic, ophthalmology, eye, intraocular

References

• 1-Sim P. History of Ophthalmology. https://eyewiki.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ophthalmology&oldid=68569. EyeWik. (Access November 2023)
• 2-Ramesh SVi. Reminiscing the Past - A Dive into the History of Ophthalmology. TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research. 2023, 61(1):p 103-104.
• 3-Blomstedt P. Cataract surgery in ancient Egypt. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2014;40(3):485-9.
• 4-Nejabat M, Maleki B, Nimrouzi M, Mahbodi A, Salehi A. Avicenna and cataracts: a new analysis of contributions to diagnosis and treatment from the canon. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(5):265-70.
• 5-Avicenna, Al-Qanun fi'l-tibb. In: Hesan Ja`far,, editor._Al-Hilal._Beirut: Dar-ol-Behar; 2009.
• 6-Uludağ OŞ. Beş Buçuk Asırlık Türk Tabâbet Tarihi. İstanbul, 1969.
• 7-Nakayama DK. Antisepsis and Asepsis and How They Shaped Modern Surgery. Am Surg. 2018;84(6):766-71.
• 8- Schmidt A. Schroten, Horst; Wirth, Stefan (eds.), "Gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum: Historic impact of Credé's eye prophylaxis", Pediatric Infectious Diseases Revisited, Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases, Basel: Birkhäuser, 2007, pp. 95–115.
• 9-Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control. 1999 Apr;27(2):97-132
• 10-Hedrick TL, Smith PW, Gazoni LM, Sawyer RG. The appropriate use of antibiotics in surgery: a review of surgical infections. Curr Probl Surg. 2007;44(10):635-75.
• 11-Bratzler DW, Houck PM; Surgical Infection Prevention Guidelines Writers Workgroup. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jun 15;38(12):1706-154
• 12-Harbarth S, Samore MH, Lichtenberg D, Carmeli Y. Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis after cardiovascular surgery and its effect on surgical site infections and antimicrobial resistance. Circulation. 2000;101(25):2916-21.
• 13-Lallemand S, Thouverez M, Bailly P, Bertrand X, Talon D. Non-observance of guidelines for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis and surgical-site infections. Pharm World Sci. 2002 Jun;24(3):95-9.
• 14-Dellinger EP. Prophylactic antibiotics: administration and timing before operation are more important than administration after operation. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1;44(7):928-30.
• 15-Speaker MG, Menikoff JA. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(12):1769-75.
• 16-Barry P, Gardner S, Seal D et al; ESCRS Endophthalmitis Study Group. Clinical observations associated with proven and unproven cases in the ESCRS study of prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35: 1523-31
• 17-Creuzot-Garcher C, Benzenine E, Mariet AS, de Lazzer A, Chiquet C, Bron AM, et al. Incidence of Acute Postoperative Endophthalmitis after Cataract Surgery: A Nationwide Study in France from 2005 to 2014. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(7):1414-20.
• 18-Thanathanee O, Pulnitiporn R, Anutarapongpan O, Suwan-Apichon O, Bhoomibunchoo C. Effect of Eyelid Margin Cleaning on Conjunctival and Eyelid Bacterial Flora Before Intraocular Surgery. Semin Ophthalmol. 2018;33(6):808-12.
• 19-Apt L, Isenberg S, Yoshimori R, Paez JH. Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery. III. Effect of povidone-iodine on the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(5):728-9.
• 20-Barry P, Cordoves L, Gardner S. ESCRS Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery: Data, Dilemmas and Conclusions.ESCRS, 2013.
• 21-Miño de Kaspar H, Chang RT, Singh K, Egbert PR, Blumenkranz MS, Ta CN. Prospective randomized comparison of 2 different methods of 5% povidone-iodine applications for anterior segment intraocular surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(2):161-5.
• 22-Halachmi-Eyal O, Lang Y, Keness Y, Miron D. Preoperative topical moxifloxacin 0.5% and povidone-iodine 5.0% versus povidone-iodine 5.0% alone to reduce bacterial colonization in the conjunctival sac. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35(12):2109-14.
• 23-Gili NJ, Noren T, Törnquist E, Crafoord S, Bäckman A. Preoperative preparation of eye with chlorhexidine solution significantly reduces bacterial load prior to 23-gauge vitrectomy in Swedish health care. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18(1):167.
• 24-Montan PG, Setterquist H, Marcusson E, Rylander M, Ransjö U. Preoperative gentamicin eye drops and chlorhexidine solution in cataract surgery. Experimental and clinical results. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2000;10(4):286-92.
• 25-Friling E, Lundström M, Stenevi U, Montan P. Six-year incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: Swedish national study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013;39(1):15-21.
• 26-He L, Ta CN, Hu N, Sinnar S, Miño de Kaspar H. Prospective randomized comparison of 1-day and 3-day application of topical 0.5% moxifloxacin in eliminating preoperative conjunctival bacteria. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009;25(4):373-8.
• 27-Moss JM, Sanislo SR, Ta CN. A prospective randomized evaluation of topical gatifloxacin on conjunctival flora in patients undergoing intravitreal injections. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(8):1498-501.
• 28-Reibaldi M, Pulvirenti A, Avitabile T, Bonfiglio V, Russo A, Mariotti C, et al. Pooled estimates of incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents with and without topical antibiotic prophylaxis. Retina. 2018 Jan;38(1):1-11.
• 29-Lau PE, Jenkins KS, Layton CJ. Current Evidence for the Prevention of Endophthalmitis in Anti-VEGF Intravitreal Injections. J Ophthalmol. 2018;2018:8567912.
• 30-Storey P, Dollin M, Pitcher J, Reddy S, Vojtko J, Vander J, et al. Post-Injection Endophthalmitis Study Team. The role of topical antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(1):283-9.
• 31-Fay A, Nallasamy N, Allen RC, Bernardini FP, Bilyk JR, Cockerham K, et al. Perioperative Prophylactic Antibiotics in 1,250 Orbital Surgeries. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;36(4):385-9.
• 32-de Keizer ROB, Kozdras G, Wubbels R, Van den Bosch WA, Paridaens D. Retrospective study in 608 cases on the rate of surgical site infections after orbital surgery without prophylactic systemic antibiotics. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(10):1466-8.
• 33-Felfeli T, Miranda RN, Kaur J, Chan CC, Naimark DMJ. Cost-Effectiveness of Preoperative Topical Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023r;247:152-60.