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Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members

Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 46 - 59, 01.03.2010

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a scale to investigate cybervictimization among the members of an online social utility. Eight hundred ninety-six participants were recruited with a 36-item web-based survey, which was developed through literature review and expert opinions. The dataset was used for an exploratory factor analysis. After dysfunctional items were eliminated, a 28-item set emerged with a very high internal consistency coefficient explaining half of the total variance with a single-factor structure. The second administration was realized with 200 new participants to confirm the single-factor structure. Along with acceptable fit indices, higher values of internal consistency coefficient and explained variance were observed. It was confirmed that different forms of cyberbullying identified in the literature were included in the questionnaire such as flaming, harassment, cyberstalking, denigration, masquerade, outing and trickery, and exclusion. Receiving religious or politic messages, and unwanted behaviors specifically directed at participants were within the factor structure of the scale. When unwanted behaviors were directed at a larger set of audience, or when the exact target was not the users themselves, such behaviors were not within the factor structure even though somebody else was mistreated. Preliminary findings were discussed followed by implications and suggestions for further research.

References

  • Anderson, T. & Sturm, B. (2007). Cyberbullying: From Playground to Computer. Young Adult Library Services, 5(2), 24-27.
  • Aricak, O. T. (2009). Psychiatric symptomatology as a predictor of cyberbullying among university students. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 167-184.
  • Beale, A.V. & Hall, K.R. (2007). Cyberbullying: What school administrators (and parents) can do. The Clearing House, 81(1), 8-12.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). “Alternative ways of assessing model fit”. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds), Testing structural equation models (pp.136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Comrey, A. L. & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Diamanduros, T., Downs, E., & Jenkins, S. J. (2008). The role of school psychologists in the assessment, prevention, and intervention of cyberbullying. Psychology in the Schools, 45(8), 693-704.
  • Dunteman, G. H. (1989). Principal component analysis. Quantitative applications in the social sciences series (vol. 69). housand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Erdur-Baker, O., & Kavşut, F. (2007). Cyber bullying: a new face of peer bullying. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 27, 31-42.
  • Feinberg, T., & Robey, N. (2008). Cyberbullying. Principal Leadership, 9 (1), 10-14.
  • Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows. London: Sage Publications.
  • Froese-Germain, B. (2008). Bullying gets digital shot-in-the-arm. Education Canada, 48 (4) 44- 47.
  • Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25 (6), 633-649.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. (2008). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: preventing and responding to cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
  • Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. London: Sage.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8.51. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software, Inc.
  • Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds?—Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78 (9), 496-505.
  • Kowalski R. M., Limber, S. P., & Agatston, P. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: Bullying in the Digital Age. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Lee, C. (2004). Preventing bullying in schools: A guide for teachers and other professionals. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
  • Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: a research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23 (4), 1777-1791.
  • Li, Q. (2008). A cross-cultural comparison of adolescents' experience related to cyberbullying. Educational Research, 50 (3), 223-234.
  • Livingstone, S. (2003). Children use of the Internet: reflections on the emerging research agenda. New Media and Society, 5(2), 147-166
  • McGrath, M. J. (2007). School bullying: Tools for avoiding harm and liability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
  • McLestesr, S. (2008). Top 10 tech trends. Technology & Learning, 28 (6), 14-18.
  • Nishina, A., Juvonen, J., & Witkow, M. (2005). Sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will make me feel sick: The psychosocial, somatic, and scholastic consequences of peer harassment. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34 (1), 37-48.
  • Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual. Maidenhead, PA: Open University Press.
  • Shariff, S. (2008). Cyberbullying: Issues and solutions for the school, the classroom and the home. New York: Routledge.
  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippet, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49 (4) 376–385.
  • Sumer, N. (2000). Yapisal esitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve ornek uygulamalar [Structural equation modeling: basic concepts and applications]. Turk Psikoloji Yazilari, 3(6), 49-74.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd edition). New York: Harper & Row.
  • Topcu, Ç., Erdur-Baker, O., & Capa-Aydin, Y. (2008). Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11 (6), 643-648.
  • Willard, N. (2005). Educator’s guide to cyberbullying addressing the harm caused by outline social cruelty. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from http://www.asdk12.org/MiddleLink/AVB/bully_topics/EducatorsGuideCyberbullying.pdf
  • Ybarra, M. L. (2004). Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7 (2), 247-257.
  • Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Wolak, J., Finkelhor D. (2006). Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: findings from the second Youth Internet Survey. Pediatrics, 118, 1169-1177.
  • Correspondence: Yavuz Akbulut, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, Anadolu
  • University, Yunus Emre Campus, Eskisehir, 26470, Turkey.
Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 46 - 59, 01.03.2010

Abstract

References

  • Anderson, T. & Sturm, B. (2007). Cyberbullying: From Playground to Computer. Young Adult Library Services, 5(2), 24-27.
  • Aricak, O. T. (2009). Psychiatric symptomatology as a predictor of cyberbullying among university students. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 167-184.
  • Beale, A.V. & Hall, K.R. (2007). Cyberbullying: What school administrators (and parents) can do. The Clearing House, 81(1), 8-12.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). “Alternative ways of assessing model fit”. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds), Testing structural equation models (pp.136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Comrey, A. L. & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Diamanduros, T., Downs, E., & Jenkins, S. J. (2008). The role of school psychologists in the assessment, prevention, and intervention of cyberbullying. Psychology in the Schools, 45(8), 693-704.
  • Dunteman, G. H. (1989). Principal component analysis. Quantitative applications in the social sciences series (vol. 69). housand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Erdur-Baker, O., & Kavşut, F. (2007). Cyber bullying: a new face of peer bullying. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 27, 31-42.
  • Feinberg, T., & Robey, N. (2008). Cyberbullying. Principal Leadership, 9 (1), 10-14.
  • Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows. London: Sage Publications.
  • Froese-Germain, B. (2008). Bullying gets digital shot-in-the-arm. Education Canada, 48 (4) 44- 47.
  • Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25 (6), 633-649.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. (2008). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: preventing and responding to cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
  • Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. London: Sage.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8.51. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software, Inc.
  • Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds?—Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78 (9), 496-505.
  • Kowalski R. M., Limber, S. P., & Agatston, P. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: Bullying in the Digital Age. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Lee, C. (2004). Preventing bullying in schools: A guide for teachers and other professionals. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
  • Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: a research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23 (4), 1777-1791.
  • Li, Q. (2008). A cross-cultural comparison of adolescents' experience related to cyberbullying. Educational Research, 50 (3), 223-234.
  • Livingstone, S. (2003). Children use of the Internet: reflections on the emerging research agenda. New Media and Society, 5(2), 147-166
  • McGrath, M. J. (2007). School bullying: Tools for avoiding harm and liability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
  • McLestesr, S. (2008). Top 10 tech trends. Technology & Learning, 28 (6), 14-18.
  • Nishina, A., Juvonen, J., & Witkow, M. (2005). Sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will make me feel sick: The psychosocial, somatic, and scholastic consequences of peer harassment. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34 (1), 37-48.
  • Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual. Maidenhead, PA: Open University Press.
  • Shariff, S. (2008). Cyberbullying: Issues and solutions for the school, the classroom and the home. New York: Routledge.
  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippet, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49 (4) 376–385.
  • Sumer, N. (2000). Yapisal esitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve ornek uygulamalar [Structural equation modeling: basic concepts and applications]. Turk Psikoloji Yazilari, 3(6), 49-74.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd edition). New York: Harper & Row.
  • Topcu, Ç., Erdur-Baker, O., & Capa-Aydin, Y. (2008). Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11 (6), 643-648.
  • Willard, N. (2005). Educator’s guide to cyberbullying addressing the harm caused by outline social cruelty. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from http://www.asdk12.org/MiddleLink/AVB/bully_topics/EducatorsGuideCyberbullying.pdf
  • Ybarra, M. L. (2004). Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7 (2), 247-257.
  • Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Wolak, J., Finkelhor D. (2006). Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: findings from the second Youth Internet Survey. Pediatrics, 118, 1169-1177.
  • Correspondence: Yavuz Akbulut, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, Anadolu
  • University, Yunus Emre Campus, Eskisehir, 26470, Turkey.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA28PF96DN
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yavuz Akbulut This is me

Yusuf Levent Sahin This is me

Bahadir Eristi This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akbulut, Y., Sahin, Y. L., & Eristi, B. (2010). Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members. Contemporary Educational Technology, 1(1), 46-59.
AMA Akbulut Y, Sahin YL, Eristi B. Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members. Contemporary Educational Technology. March 2010;1(1):46-59.
Chicago Akbulut, Yavuz, Yusuf Levent Sahin, and Bahadir Eristi. “Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members”. Contemporary Educational Technology 1, no. 1 (March 2010): 46-59.
EndNote Akbulut Y, Sahin YL, Eristi B (March 1, 2010) Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members. Contemporary Educational Technology 1 1 46–59.
IEEE Y. Akbulut, Y. L. Sahin, and B. Eristi, “Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members”, Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 46–59, 2010.
ISNAD Akbulut, Yavuz et al. “Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members”. Contemporary Educational Technology 1/1 (March 2010), 46-59.
JAMA Akbulut Y, Sahin YL, Eristi B. Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members. Contemporary Educational Technology. 2010;1:46–59.
MLA Akbulut, Yavuz et al. “Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members”. Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, 2010, pp. 46-59.
Vancouver Akbulut Y, Sahin YL, Eristi B. Development of a Scale to Investigate Cybervictimization Among Online Social Utility Members. Contemporary Educational Technology. 2010;1(1):46-59.