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Toledo Okulu ve Cremonalı Gerard’ın Bourdieucu Analizi

Year 2021, Issue: 30, 165 - 177, 16.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.885370

Abstract

Tarihi açıdan önemli bir çeviri hareketini ve bu hareketin öncü çevirmenlerini incelemek için Bourdieucü düşünme araçlarını kullanmak, bir alanın böylesine yoğun bir çeviri dönemi için gerekli ortamı nasıl oluşturduğunu ve bir kişinin nasıl söz konusu hareketin içinde öncü bir figür haline geldiğini gösterebilir. Bu çalışma Toledo Çeviri Okulu ve Cremonalı Gerard’ı sosyolojik bir bakış açısıyla tartışmaktadır. Bunu yaparken de dönem ve Gerard’ın kendisi hakkındaki biyografiler, makaleler ve kitaplardan faydalanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları göstermiştir ki kendini doğduğu yerin sunabileceği bilgilerle eğiten Gerard daha fazla kültürel sermaye edinebilmek için Toledo’ya gelir. Toledo’da ise alanın koşulları bir çeviri hareketinin ihtiyaç duyacağı ortamı yaratır. Habitusu ve kültürel, sembolik ve sosyal sermayeleri sayesinde Gerard bu harekette ön plana çıkar. Dahası, sahip olduğu yüksek kültürel sermaye, onu kendi alanında baskın bir kişi haline getiren nadirlik değerine sahiptir. Gerard örneği açık bir şekilde göstermiştir ki çeviri tarihine yönelik sosyolojik bir bakış açısı çeviri hareketlerinin arka planı ve bu hareketlerde öne çıkan çevirmenler hakkında daha fazla bilgiyi açığa çıkarabilir.

References

  • Arráez-Aybar, L., Bueno-Lopez, J., & Raio, N. (2015). Toledo School of Translators and their influence on anatomical terminology. Annals of Anatomy, 198, 21-33.
  • Baker, M. (1998). Arabic tradition. In M. Baker (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies (pp. 316-325). Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice (R. Nice, Trans.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste (R. Nice, Trans.). Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). Greenwood.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory, 7(1), 14-25.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1993). Sociology in question (R. Nice, Trans.). Sage.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2005). The Social structures of the economy (C. Turner, Trans.). Polity.
  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Polity Press.
  • Burnett, C. (2001). The coherence of the Arabic-Latin translation program in Toledo in the twelfth century. Science in context, 14, 249-288.
  • Burnett, C. (2016). Gerard of Cremona. In T. F. Glick, S. J. Livesey, & F. Wallis (Eds.), Medieval science, technology, medicine: An encyclopedia (pp. 191-192). Routledge.
  • Delisle, J., & Woodsworth, J. (Eds.). (1998). Translators throughout the history. John Benjamins.
  • Gouanvic, J. M. (1997). Translation and the shape of things to come: The emergence of American science fiction in post-war France. The Translator, 3(2), 125-152.
  • Grant, E. (1974). The translation of Greek and Arabic science into Latin. In E. Grant (Ed.), A source book on medieval science (pp. 35-40). Harvard University Press.
  • Hanna, S. (2005). Hamlet lives happily ever after in Arabic: The genesis of the field of drama translation in Egypt. The Translator, 3(2), 167-192.
  • Hanna, S. (2016). Genesis of the field of drama translation in Egypt: The first Arabic Hamlet. In S. Hanna (Ed.), Bourdieu in translation studies (pp. 72-98). Routledge.
  • Haskins, C. H. (1927). The renaissance of the twelfth century. Harvard University Press.
  • Jordan, M. D. (1998). Gerard of Cremona. In E. Craig (Ed.), Encyclopedia of philosophy (pp. 3098-3099). Routledge.
  • Lemay, R. (1978). Gerard of Cremona. In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 15 (pp. 173-192). Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Lemay, R. (1985). Gerard of Cremona. In J. R. Strayer (Ed.), Dictionary of middle ages (pp. 422-423). Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Liu, J. (2012). Habitus of translators as socialized individuals: Bourdieu's account. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(6), 1168-1173.
  • McVaugh, M. (1974). Gerard of Cremona. A list of translations made from Arabic into Latin in the twelfth century. In E. Grant (Ed.), A source book of medieval science (pp. 35- 38). Harvard University Press.
  • Öztunalı, O. (2017). Toledo Çevirmenler Okulu'nda gerçekleştirilen çalışmaların kültürlerarası yeri ve önemi. DTCF Dergisi, 57(2), 1323-1339.
  • Pym, A. (1998a). Method in translation history. Routledge.
  • Pym, A. (1998b). Spanish tradition. In M. Baker (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies (pp. 552-563). Routledge.
  • Sayols, J. (2018). Transculturation and Bourdieu’s habitus theory: Towards an integrative approach for examining the translational activity of literary translators through history. Target, 30(2), 260-287.
  • Simeoni, D. (2007). Between sociology and history: Method in context and in practice. In M. Wolf, & A. Fukari (Eds.), Constructing a sociology of translation (pp. 187-204). Benjamins.
  • Sungu, İ. (1940). Tercüme ve renaissance. Tercüme, 1(2), 115-119).
  • Turner, W. (1909). Gerard of Cremona. The Catholic encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06468a.htm
  • Vosloo, F. (2007). ‘Inhabiting’ the translator's habitus: Antjie Krog as translator. Current writing: Text and reception in Southern Africa, 19(2), 72-93.
  • Weber, M. (2019). A Muslim’s book and its Christian and Jewish readers: The way al-Farabi’s Enumeration of the sciences came to influence Western European scholars. In M. T. Abate (Ed.), Convivencia and medieval Spain (pp. 393-408). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Weber, M. W. (2002). Gerard of Cremona: the danger of being half-acculturated. Medieval Encounters, 8(2-3), 123-134.

A Bourdieuan Analysis of Toledo School and Gerard of Cremona

Year 2021, Issue: 30, 165 - 177, 16.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.885370

Abstract

Using the Bourdieuan thinking tools to analyze a historically important translation movement and its leading translator might demonstrate how a field creates the necessary environment for such a period of intense translation activity and how a person comes to be a leading figure in this movement. This paper discusses the Toledo Translation School and Gerard of Cremona from a sociological perspective by collecting data from biographies, articles and books about the era and Gerard himself. The results show that Gerard, educating himself on the limited knowledge that his hometown could offer, comes to Toledo in order to accumulate more cultural capital. In Toledo, the conditions of the field form the necessary environment that a translation movement requires. Through his habitus and cultural, symbolic and social capitals, Gerard came to the forefront of this movement. Furthermore, his high cultural capitals earn a scarcity value, which contributes to make him a dominant figure in his field. This analysis demonstrates that a sociological perspective to translation history can reveal more about the background of translation movements and prominent translators involved in them.

References

  • Arráez-Aybar, L., Bueno-Lopez, J., & Raio, N. (2015). Toledo School of Translators and their influence on anatomical terminology. Annals of Anatomy, 198, 21-33.
  • Baker, M. (1998). Arabic tradition. In M. Baker (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies (pp. 316-325). Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice (R. Nice, Trans.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste (R. Nice, Trans.). Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). Greenwood.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory, 7(1), 14-25.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1993). Sociology in question (R. Nice, Trans.). Sage.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2005). The Social structures of the economy (C. Turner, Trans.). Polity.
  • Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1992). An invitation to reflexive sociology. Polity Press.
  • Burnett, C. (2001). The coherence of the Arabic-Latin translation program in Toledo in the twelfth century. Science in context, 14, 249-288.
  • Burnett, C. (2016). Gerard of Cremona. In T. F. Glick, S. J. Livesey, & F. Wallis (Eds.), Medieval science, technology, medicine: An encyclopedia (pp. 191-192). Routledge.
  • Delisle, J., & Woodsworth, J. (Eds.). (1998). Translators throughout the history. John Benjamins.
  • Gouanvic, J. M. (1997). Translation and the shape of things to come: The emergence of American science fiction in post-war France. The Translator, 3(2), 125-152.
  • Grant, E. (1974). The translation of Greek and Arabic science into Latin. In E. Grant (Ed.), A source book on medieval science (pp. 35-40). Harvard University Press.
  • Hanna, S. (2005). Hamlet lives happily ever after in Arabic: The genesis of the field of drama translation in Egypt. The Translator, 3(2), 167-192.
  • Hanna, S. (2016). Genesis of the field of drama translation in Egypt: The first Arabic Hamlet. In S. Hanna (Ed.), Bourdieu in translation studies (pp. 72-98). Routledge.
  • Haskins, C. H. (1927). The renaissance of the twelfth century. Harvard University Press.
  • Jordan, M. D. (1998). Gerard of Cremona. In E. Craig (Ed.), Encyclopedia of philosophy (pp. 3098-3099). Routledge.
  • Lemay, R. (1978). Gerard of Cremona. In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 15 (pp. 173-192). Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Lemay, R. (1985). Gerard of Cremona. In J. R. Strayer (Ed.), Dictionary of middle ages (pp. 422-423). Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Liu, J. (2012). Habitus of translators as socialized individuals: Bourdieu's account. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(6), 1168-1173.
  • McVaugh, M. (1974). Gerard of Cremona. A list of translations made from Arabic into Latin in the twelfth century. In E. Grant (Ed.), A source book of medieval science (pp. 35- 38). Harvard University Press.
  • Öztunalı, O. (2017). Toledo Çevirmenler Okulu'nda gerçekleştirilen çalışmaların kültürlerarası yeri ve önemi. DTCF Dergisi, 57(2), 1323-1339.
  • Pym, A. (1998a). Method in translation history. Routledge.
  • Pym, A. (1998b). Spanish tradition. In M. Baker (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies (pp. 552-563). Routledge.
  • Sayols, J. (2018). Transculturation and Bourdieu’s habitus theory: Towards an integrative approach for examining the translational activity of literary translators through history. Target, 30(2), 260-287.
  • Simeoni, D. (2007). Between sociology and history: Method in context and in practice. In M. Wolf, & A. Fukari (Eds.), Constructing a sociology of translation (pp. 187-204). Benjamins.
  • Sungu, İ. (1940). Tercüme ve renaissance. Tercüme, 1(2), 115-119).
  • Turner, W. (1909). Gerard of Cremona. The Catholic encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06468a.htm
  • Vosloo, F. (2007). ‘Inhabiting’ the translator's habitus: Antjie Krog as translator. Current writing: Text and reception in Southern Africa, 19(2), 72-93.
  • Weber, M. (2019). A Muslim’s book and its Christian and Jewish readers: The way al-Farabi’s Enumeration of the sciences came to influence Western European scholars. In M. T. Abate (Ed.), Convivencia and medieval Spain (pp. 393-408). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Weber, M. W. (2002). Gerard of Cremona: the danger of being half-acculturated. Medieval Encounters, 8(2-3), 123-134.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cemal Topcu 0000-0002-2524-463X

Publication Date July 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 30

Cite

APA Topcu, C. (2021). A Bourdieuan Analysis of Toledo School and Gerard of Cremona. Çeviribilim Ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 2021(30), 165-177. https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.885370