Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

PSEUDO-JANISSARISM (YENİÇERİLİK İDDİASI) IN THE OTTOMAN PROVINCES (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ADANA): ITS EMERGENCE AND ITS GEOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Yıl 2022, , 9 - 54, 14.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131044

Öz

The privileged status of the Janissaries and the economic/military conditions prevalent in the Ottoman Empire prompted thousands of Muslims to claim a position in the Janissary Corps, often through illegal means. In this article we investigate an important aspect of this process, which we call “pseudo-Janissarism”, and the way it spread on the Ottoman periphery, and discuss the case of Adana, which offers us the opportunity to analyze the social and economic composition of pseudo-Janissaries in the above-mentioned region. We first present a general assessment of the phenomenon in the period from 1600 to 1735, addressing the issue of its rise and early geographical expansion in the empire, its perception by the Ottoman administration, and the reasons behind its development. We claim that the rising numbers of both officially registered Janissaries and pretenders could change the internal dynamics in provincial towns, shape their local politics, and create various struggles over their economic resources. Considering pseudo-Janissarism as a mechanism of tax evasion and provincial networking, we subsequently elaborate on the case study of Adana’s pseudo-Janissaries, who became an important local political pressure group in the course of the eighteenth century, and discuss their socioeconomic profile, with the help of various archival sources.

Destekleyen Kurum

European Research Council (ERC)

Proje Numarası

849911

Kaynakça

  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Adana Ahkam Defterleri (A.DVNS.AHK.ADN.d) 1-4.
  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Mühimme Defterleri (A.DVNSMHM.d.) 75-141; 166; 176.
  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Özi ve Silistre Ahkam Defterleri (A.DVNS.AHK.ÖZSİ.d) 4.
  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Tahvil (Nişan) Kalemi Defterleri (A.DVNS.NŞT.d) 16.
  • Ali Emiri Abdülhamid I (AE.SABH.I) 35/2657; 95/6516; 153/10255; 307/20623; 342/23872.
  • Ali Emiri Ahmed III (AE.SAMD.III) 197/19071.
  • Cevdet Askeriye (C.AS) 42/1949; 334/13854; 596/25109; 1110/49123.
  • Cevdet Dahiliye (C.DH) 230/11457; 230/11457.
  • Cevdet Maliye (C.ML) 185/7747; 212/8704; 285/11708.
  • Cevdet Zabtiye (C.ZB) 32/1585; 72/3569; 90/4490; 91/4515.
  • Hatt-ı Hümayun (HAT) 426/21862 D; 426/21862 G; 426/21862 R; 739/35042; 1388/55236.
  • Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi Evrakı (TSMA.E) 657/13; 806/19.
  • Adana Sicils (AŞR) 1; 4-6; 12-14; 16-18; 20; 22-23; 26-36; 38-39; 44-48; 50; 52; 65; 105; 107; 125; 127; 129-136.
  • Rifa‘at Ali Abou-El-Haj, The 1703 Rebellion and the Structure of Ottoman Politics, Istanbul 1984.
  • Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Tezâkir, (21-39), 3rd edition, (ed. Cavid Baysun), Ankara 1991.
  • Akdağ, Mustafa, “Yeniçeri Ocak Nizamının Bozuluşu”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 5/3, (1947), p. 291-312.
  • Aksan, Virginia H., “Whatever Happened to the Janissaries? Mobilization for the 1768-1774 Russo-Ottoman War”, War in History, 5/1, (1998), p. 23-36.
  • ______, Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870, Harlow 2007.
  • ______, “Ottoman Military Recruitment Strategies in the Late Eighteenth Century”, Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775-1925, (ed. Eric J. Zürcher), London 1999, p. 21-39.
  • Anastasopoulos, Antonis and Yannis Spyropoulos, “Soldiers on an Ottoman Island: The Janissaries of Crete, Eighteenth-Early Nineteenth Centuries”, Turkish Historical Review, 8/1, (2017), p. 1-33.
  • Bodman, Herbert L., Political Factions in Aleppo 1720-1826, Chapel Hill 1963.
  • Canbakal, Hülya, Society and Politics in an Ottoman Town: Ayntab in the 17th Century, Leiden and Boston 2007.
  • ______, “The Ottoman State and Descendants of the Prophet in Anatolia and the Balkans (c. 1500-1700)”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 52, (2009), p. 542-578.
  • ______, “Preliminary Observations on Political Unrest in Eighteenth-Century Ayntab: Popular Protest and Faction”, Political Initiatives ‘From the Bottom Up’ In The Ottoman Empire: Halcyon Days in Crete VII: A Symposium Held in Rethymno 9-11 January 2009, (ed. Antonis Anastasopoulos), Rethymno 2012, p. 33-59.
  • Cezar, Yavuz, Osmanlı Maliyesinde Bunalım ve Değişim Dönemi, Istanbul 1986.
  • Cornell, Eric, “On Bektashism in Bosnia”, Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, (eds. Tord Olson, Elisabeth Özclalga, and Catharina Raudvere), Istanbul 1998, p. 11-18. Çalışkan, M. Saffet, (Vekayinüvis) Enverî Sadullah Efendi ve Tarihinin I. Cildi’nin Metin ve Tahlili (1182-1188/1768-1774), Marmara University, Ph.D, Istanbul 2000.
  • Çınar, Hüseyin, “XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Ayıntâb (Antep) Şehrinde Bir Güç Unsuru Olarak Yeniçeriler”, Osmanlı Döneminde Gaziantep Sempozyumu (22 Ekim 1999), (ed. Yusuf Küçükdağ), Gaziantep 2000, p. 97-110.
  • Darling, Linda T., “Crime among the Janissaries in the Ottoman Golden Age”, Ottoman War and Peace. Studies in Honor of Virginia H. Aksan, (eds. Frank Castiglione, Ethan L. Menchinger, and Veysel Şimşek), Leiden and Boston 2020, p. 13-34.
  • De Bonneval, Philippe and Mathieu Dumas, Αναγνώριση της νήσου Κρήτης: μια μυστική έκθεση του 1783 [Description of the Island of Crete: A Secret Report from 1783], (trans. and eds. G. Nikolaou and M. Peponakis), Rethymno 2000.
  • D’Ohsson, Ignace Mouradgea, Tableau général de l’empire othoman, Volume 7, Paris 1824.
  • Dumas, Mathieu, Souvenirs du lieutenant général comte Mathieu Dumas de 1770 à 1838, Volume 1, Paris 1839.
  • Dzeron, Manoog B., Village of Parhanj: General History 1600-1937, Boston 1938.
  • Ekim, Zeynep Emel, “Üsküdar ve Yeniçeri Remizleri”, Uluslararası Üsküdar Sempozyumu VII, 2-4 Kasım 2012: 1352’den Bügüne Şehir, (ed. Süleyman Faruk Göncüoğlu), Istanbul 2014, p. 693-713.
  • Ergenoğlu, Mehtap and İhsan Erdem Sofracı, “Osmanlı Mâlî Sisteminde Bir Gelir Tahsilatı Yöntemi Olarak Mâlikâne Uygulaması: XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yıllarında Adana Sancağı Örneği”, Çukurova Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3/2, (2017), p. 181-198.
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya, “Migration into Eighteenth-Century ‘Greater Istanbul’ as Reflected in the Kadı Registers of Eyüb”, Turcica, 30, (1998), p. 162-183.
  • Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî, Füsûl-i hall ü akd ve usûl-i harc ü nakd (İslam devletleri tarihi, 622-1599), (ed. Mustafa Demir), Istanbul 2006.
  • Gould, Andrew Gordon, Pashas and Brigands: Ottoman Provincial Reform and Its Impact on the Nomadic Tribes of Southern Anatolia, 1840-1885, University of California, Ph.D, Los Angeles 1973.
  • Gutman, David E., Sojourners, Smugglers, and the State: Transhemispheric Migration Flows and the Politics of Mobility in Eastern Anatolia, 1888-1980, State University of New York, Ph.D, Binghamton 2012.
  • ______, “Agents of Mobility: Migrant Smuggling Networks, Transhemispheric Migration, and Time-Space Compression in Ottoman Anatolia, 1888-1908”, InterDisciplines, 1, (2012), p. 48-84.
  • ______, The Politics of Armenian Migration to North America, 1885-1915: Sojourners, Smugglers and Dubious Citizens, Edinburgh 2019.
  • Gül, Abdulkasim, 18. Yüzyılda Yeniçeri Teşkilatı, Atatürk University, Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dalı, Ph.D, Erzurum, 2020.
  • İnalcık, Halil, “Osmanlılar’da Raiyyet Rüsûmu”, Belleten, 23/92, (1959), p. 575-610.
  • ______, “Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1700,” Archivum Ottomanicum, 6, (1980), p. 283-337.
  • Kafadar, Cemal, “On the Purity and Corruption of the Janissaries”, The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 15/2, (1991), p. 273-280.
  • Karaman, K. Kıvanç and Şevket Pamuk, “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500-1914”, Journal of Economic History, 70/3, (2010), p. 593-629.
  • Karpat, Kemal H., Ottoman Population, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics, Madison, Wis. 1985.
  • Kokdaş, İrfan, “17. Yüzyılda İzmir’e Ermeni Göçü: Acem Tüccarları ve Hemşerilik Ağları”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34, (2021), p. 227-253.
  • Kurt, Yılmaz, “Hasanpaşazâdeler”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (2016), p. 539.
  • Masters, Bruce, “Patterns of Migration to Ottoman Aleppo in the 17th and 18th Centuries”, International Journal of Turkish Studies, 4, (1987), p. 75-89.
  • ______, “Power and Society in Aleppo in the 18th and 19th Centuries”, Revue de monde musulman et de la Méditerranée, 62, (1991), p. 151-158.
  • McGowan, Bruce, “The Age of the Ayans”, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume 2, (eds. Halil İnalcık with Donald Quataert), Cambridge 1997, p. 639-758. Murphey, Rhoads, Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, London 1999.
  • ______, “Yeñi Čeri”, The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition, Volume 11, (eds. P. J. Bearman et al.), Leiden 2002, p. 322-331.
  • Özkaya, Yücel, “XVII. Yüzyılın İlk yarısında Yerli Ailelerin Ayanlıkları Ele Geçirişleri ve Büyük Hanedanlıkların Kuruluşu”, Belleten, 42/168, (1978), p. 667-723.
  • Pamuk, Şevket, A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge 2000.
  • Psilakis, Vasileios, Ιστορία της Κρήτης από της απωτάτης αρχαιότητος μέχρι των καθ’ ημάς χρόνων [History of Crete from the Furthest Antiquity to Our Time], Volume 3, Chania 1909.
  • Pul, Ayşe, “Yeniçeri Teşkilatına Dair Bir Risale (Değerlendirme-Karşılaştırmalı Metin)”, Belleten, 84/301, (2020), p. 983-1044.
  • Quataert, Donald, “Clothing Laws, State and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720-1829”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 29/3, (1997), p. 403-425.
  • Raynal, Guillaume Thomas and Jacques J. Peuchet, Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans l’Afrique septentrionale, Volume 2, Paris 1826.
  • Ricaut, Paul, The History of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire: Containing the Maxims of the Turkish Polity, the Most Material Points of the Mahometan Religion, Their Sects and Heresies, Their Convents and Religious Votaries. Their Military Discipline, with an Exact Computation of Their Forces Both by Sea and Land, London 1686.
  • Sahillioğlu, Halil, “1683-1740 Yıllarında Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Hazine Gelir ve Gideri”, Osmanlı Maliyesi: Kurumlar ve Bütçeler, (eds. Mehmet Genç and Erol Özvar), Istanbul 2006, p. 149-165.
  • Salzmann, Ariel, “An Ancien Régime Revisited: ‘Privatization’ and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire,” Politics and Society, 21/4, (1993), p. 393-423.
  • Savary, Claude Etienne, Letters on Greece: Βeing a Sequel to Letters on Egypt, and Containing Travels through Rhodes, Crete, and Other Islands of the Archipelago; with Comparative Remarks on their Ancient and Present State, and Observations on the Government, Character, and Manner, of the Turks, and Modern Greeks, London 1788.
  • Sel Turhan, Fatma, The Ottoman Empire and the Bosnian Uprising: Janissaries, Modernisation and Rebellion in the Nineteenth Century, London and New York 2014.
  • Sieber, Franz W., Reise nach der Insel Kreta im griechischen Archipelagus im Jahre 1817, Volume 2, Leipzig 1823.
  • Skene, James Henry, “Aleppo”, Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons: Commercial Reports, (1876), Volume 75, p. 964-998.
  • Spyropoulos, Yannis, Κοινωνική, Διοικητική, Οικονομική Και Πολιτική Διάσταση Του Οθωμανικού Στρατού: Οι Γενίτσαροι Της Κρήτης, 1750-1826 [Social, Administrative, Economic and Political Dimensions of the Ottoman Army: The Janissaries of Crete, 1750-1826], University of Crete, Department of History and Archaeology, Ph.D, Rethymno 2014.
  • ______, “Janissary Politics on the Ottoman Periphery (18th-Early 19th c.)”, Halcyon Days in Crete IX: Political Thought and Practice in the Ottoman Empire, (ed. Marinos Sariyannis), Rethymno 2019, p. 449-481.
  • Sućeska, Avdo, “Mālikāna: Lifelong Lease of Governmental Estates in the Ottoman State”, Prilozi za Orijentalnu Filologiju, 36, (1987), p. 197-230.
  • Sunar, Mehmet Mert, Cauldron of Dissent: A Study of the Janissary Corps, 1807-1826, SUNY-Binghamton, Ph.D, New York 2006.
  • Şakul, Kahraman, II. Viyana Kuşatması: Yedi Başlı Ejderin Fendi, Istanbul 2021.
  • Şemdanizade Fındıklılı Süleyman Efendi, Mür’i’t-Tevârîh, Volume 2/B, (ed. Münir Aktepe), Istanbul 1980.
  • Tabakoğlu, Ahmet, Gerileme Dönemine Girerken Osmanlı Maliyesi, Istanbul 1985.
  • Tamdoğan, Işık, “‘Büyükleri Saymak, Küçükleri Sevmek’: 18. Yüzyıl Adanası’nda Ayanların İlişki Ağları ve İki Farklı Yürütme Üslubu”, Tarih ve Toplum Yeni Yaklaşımlar, 1, (2005), p. 77-96.
  • ______, “Nezir ya da XVIII. Yüzyıl Çukurova’sında Eşkıya, Göçebe ve Devlet Arasındaki İlişkiler”, Kebikeç, 21, (2006), p. 135-146.
  • Tancoigne, J. M., Voyage à Smyrne, dans l’archipel et l’île de Candie, Volume 1, Paris 1817.
  • Tatar, Özcan, XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Çukurova’da Aşiretlerin Eşkiyalık Olayları ve Aşiret İskanı (1691-1750), Fırat University, Ph.D, Elazığ 2005.
  • Tezcan, Baki, The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World, Cambridge 2010.
  • Toksöz Meltem, Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Making of the Adana-Mersin Region 1850-1908, Leiden and Boston 2010.
  • Toroser, Tayfun (ed.), Kavanin-i Yeniçeriyan: Yeniçeri Kanunları, Istanbul 2008.
  • Uyar, Mesut and Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans, Santa Barbara, Denver, and Oxford 2009.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtından Kapıkulu Ocakları, Volume 1, Ankara 1988.
  • Ünlü, Ertan and Yılmaz Kurt, “Çukurova Âyânları I: Hasanpaşazâdeler ile İlgili Arşiv Belgeleri I”, Türk Tarih Kurumu Belgeler, 33/37, (2012), p. 57-115.
  • Wilkins, Charles L., Forging Urban Solidarities: Ottoman Aleppo, 1640-1700, Leiden and Boston 2020.
  • Yaycıoğlu, Ali, The Provincial Challenge: Regionalism, Crisis, and Integration in the Late Ottoman Empire (1792-1812), Harvard University, Ph.D, Cambridge Mass. 2008.
  • Yörük, Saim, “Adanalı Seyyidler Hakkında Sosyal ve Ekonomik Açıdan Bazı Değerlendirmeler (1701-1750)”, Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 18, (2011), p. 1-22.
  • ______, “Adana Şehrinin Tarihi Gelişimi (XVI-XVIII. Yüzyıllar)”, Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21/3, (2012), p. 287-308.
  • ______, XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Adana Şehri, Ankara 2015.

Osmanlı Taşrasında Yeniçerilik İddiası ve Adana Örneği: Ortaya Çıkışı, Coğrafi Dağılımı ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Yönleri

Yıl 2022, , 9 - 54, 14.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131044

Öz

Yeniçerilerin imtiyazlı statüleri ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda hüküm süren iktisadi/askeri koşullar, binlerce Müslüman tebaayı genellikle kaidelere aykırı yollardan da olsa Yeniçeri Ocağı’na girmeye sevk etmiştir. Bu makalede, sözü geçen sürecin önemli bir unsuru olan yeniçerilik iddiasının on yedinci ve on sekizinci Osmanlı taşrasında yayılma süreci incelenecek ve Adana örneği üzerinden yeniçerilik iddiasında bulunan bazı şahısların sosyal ve ekonomik profili analiz edilecektir. Bu maksatla, öncelikle 1600-1735 yıllarını kapsayan mühimme defterlerindeki verilere dayanarak, yeniçerilik iddiasının ortaya çıkışı, söz konusu dönemdeki coğrafi dağılımı, Osmanlı idarecileri tarafından algılanışı ile yayılmasındaki muhtelif faktörler tartışılacaktır. Ocağa kayıtlı gerçek yeniçerilerle yeniçerilik iddiasında bulunanların gittikçe artan sayısı, özellikle taşradaki birçok şehrin iç dinamiklerini değiştirerek, taşra siyasetine yön vermiş, bu şehirlerdeki siyasi güç ve kısıtlı ekonomik kaynaklar için yeni mücadeler doğurmuştur. Bu süreci daha iyi anlamak üzere, vergi muafiyeti elde etme ve taşra ağlarına eklemlenme mekanizması olarak değerlendirdiğimiz yeniçerilik iddiasının on sekizinci yüzyıl Adanası’ndaki yansımalarına bakılacaktır. Söz konusu dönemde, yeniçerilik iddiasında bulunan ve kentin önemli bir parçası haline gelen kişilerin sosyal ve ekonomik kimlikleri üzerine bir sondaj çalışması yapılacaktır.

Proje Numarası

849911

Kaynakça

  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Adana Ahkam Defterleri (A.DVNS.AHK.ADN.d) 1-4.
  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Mühimme Defterleri (A.DVNSMHM.d.) 75-141; 166; 176.
  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Özi ve Silistre Ahkam Defterleri (A.DVNS.AHK.ÖZSİ.d) 4.
  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Tahvil (Nişan) Kalemi Defterleri (A.DVNS.NŞT.d) 16.
  • Ali Emiri Abdülhamid I (AE.SABH.I) 35/2657; 95/6516; 153/10255; 307/20623; 342/23872.
  • Ali Emiri Ahmed III (AE.SAMD.III) 197/19071.
  • Cevdet Askeriye (C.AS) 42/1949; 334/13854; 596/25109; 1110/49123.
  • Cevdet Dahiliye (C.DH) 230/11457; 230/11457.
  • Cevdet Maliye (C.ML) 185/7747; 212/8704; 285/11708.
  • Cevdet Zabtiye (C.ZB) 32/1585; 72/3569; 90/4490; 91/4515.
  • Hatt-ı Hümayun (HAT) 426/21862 D; 426/21862 G; 426/21862 R; 739/35042; 1388/55236.
  • Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi Evrakı (TSMA.E) 657/13; 806/19.
  • Adana Sicils (AŞR) 1; 4-6; 12-14; 16-18; 20; 22-23; 26-36; 38-39; 44-48; 50; 52; 65; 105; 107; 125; 127; 129-136.
  • Rifa‘at Ali Abou-El-Haj, The 1703 Rebellion and the Structure of Ottoman Politics, Istanbul 1984.
  • Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Tezâkir, (21-39), 3rd edition, (ed. Cavid Baysun), Ankara 1991.
  • Akdağ, Mustafa, “Yeniçeri Ocak Nizamının Bozuluşu”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 5/3, (1947), p. 291-312.
  • Aksan, Virginia H., “Whatever Happened to the Janissaries? Mobilization for the 1768-1774 Russo-Ottoman War”, War in History, 5/1, (1998), p. 23-36.
  • ______, Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870, Harlow 2007.
  • ______, “Ottoman Military Recruitment Strategies in the Late Eighteenth Century”, Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775-1925, (ed. Eric J. Zürcher), London 1999, p. 21-39.
  • Anastasopoulos, Antonis and Yannis Spyropoulos, “Soldiers on an Ottoman Island: The Janissaries of Crete, Eighteenth-Early Nineteenth Centuries”, Turkish Historical Review, 8/1, (2017), p. 1-33.
  • Bodman, Herbert L., Political Factions in Aleppo 1720-1826, Chapel Hill 1963.
  • Canbakal, Hülya, Society and Politics in an Ottoman Town: Ayntab in the 17th Century, Leiden and Boston 2007.
  • ______, “The Ottoman State and Descendants of the Prophet in Anatolia and the Balkans (c. 1500-1700)”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 52, (2009), p. 542-578.
  • ______, “Preliminary Observations on Political Unrest in Eighteenth-Century Ayntab: Popular Protest and Faction”, Political Initiatives ‘From the Bottom Up’ In The Ottoman Empire: Halcyon Days in Crete VII: A Symposium Held in Rethymno 9-11 January 2009, (ed. Antonis Anastasopoulos), Rethymno 2012, p. 33-59.
  • Cezar, Yavuz, Osmanlı Maliyesinde Bunalım ve Değişim Dönemi, Istanbul 1986.
  • Cornell, Eric, “On Bektashism in Bosnia”, Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, (eds. Tord Olson, Elisabeth Özclalga, and Catharina Raudvere), Istanbul 1998, p. 11-18. Çalışkan, M. Saffet, (Vekayinüvis) Enverî Sadullah Efendi ve Tarihinin I. Cildi’nin Metin ve Tahlili (1182-1188/1768-1774), Marmara University, Ph.D, Istanbul 2000.
  • Çınar, Hüseyin, “XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Ayıntâb (Antep) Şehrinde Bir Güç Unsuru Olarak Yeniçeriler”, Osmanlı Döneminde Gaziantep Sempozyumu (22 Ekim 1999), (ed. Yusuf Küçükdağ), Gaziantep 2000, p. 97-110.
  • Darling, Linda T., “Crime among the Janissaries in the Ottoman Golden Age”, Ottoman War and Peace. Studies in Honor of Virginia H. Aksan, (eds. Frank Castiglione, Ethan L. Menchinger, and Veysel Şimşek), Leiden and Boston 2020, p. 13-34.
  • De Bonneval, Philippe and Mathieu Dumas, Αναγνώριση της νήσου Κρήτης: μια μυστική έκθεση του 1783 [Description of the Island of Crete: A Secret Report from 1783], (trans. and eds. G. Nikolaou and M. Peponakis), Rethymno 2000.
  • D’Ohsson, Ignace Mouradgea, Tableau général de l’empire othoman, Volume 7, Paris 1824.
  • Dumas, Mathieu, Souvenirs du lieutenant général comte Mathieu Dumas de 1770 à 1838, Volume 1, Paris 1839.
  • Dzeron, Manoog B., Village of Parhanj: General History 1600-1937, Boston 1938.
  • Ekim, Zeynep Emel, “Üsküdar ve Yeniçeri Remizleri”, Uluslararası Üsküdar Sempozyumu VII, 2-4 Kasım 2012: 1352’den Bügüne Şehir, (ed. Süleyman Faruk Göncüoğlu), Istanbul 2014, p. 693-713.
  • Ergenoğlu, Mehtap and İhsan Erdem Sofracı, “Osmanlı Mâlî Sisteminde Bir Gelir Tahsilatı Yöntemi Olarak Mâlikâne Uygulaması: XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yıllarında Adana Sancağı Örneği”, Çukurova Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3/2, (2017), p. 181-198.
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya, “Migration into Eighteenth-Century ‘Greater Istanbul’ as Reflected in the Kadı Registers of Eyüb”, Turcica, 30, (1998), p. 162-183.
  • Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî, Füsûl-i hall ü akd ve usûl-i harc ü nakd (İslam devletleri tarihi, 622-1599), (ed. Mustafa Demir), Istanbul 2006.
  • Gould, Andrew Gordon, Pashas and Brigands: Ottoman Provincial Reform and Its Impact on the Nomadic Tribes of Southern Anatolia, 1840-1885, University of California, Ph.D, Los Angeles 1973.
  • Gutman, David E., Sojourners, Smugglers, and the State: Transhemispheric Migration Flows and the Politics of Mobility in Eastern Anatolia, 1888-1980, State University of New York, Ph.D, Binghamton 2012.
  • ______, “Agents of Mobility: Migrant Smuggling Networks, Transhemispheric Migration, and Time-Space Compression in Ottoman Anatolia, 1888-1908”, InterDisciplines, 1, (2012), p. 48-84.
  • ______, The Politics of Armenian Migration to North America, 1885-1915: Sojourners, Smugglers and Dubious Citizens, Edinburgh 2019.
  • Gül, Abdulkasim, 18. Yüzyılda Yeniçeri Teşkilatı, Atatürk University, Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, Tarih Anabilim Dalı, Ph.D, Erzurum, 2020.
  • İnalcık, Halil, “Osmanlılar’da Raiyyet Rüsûmu”, Belleten, 23/92, (1959), p. 575-610.
  • ______, “Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-1700,” Archivum Ottomanicum, 6, (1980), p. 283-337.
  • Kafadar, Cemal, “On the Purity and Corruption of the Janissaries”, The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 15/2, (1991), p. 273-280.
  • Karaman, K. Kıvanç and Şevket Pamuk, “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500-1914”, Journal of Economic History, 70/3, (2010), p. 593-629.
  • Karpat, Kemal H., Ottoman Population, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics, Madison, Wis. 1985.
  • Kokdaş, İrfan, “17. Yüzyılda İzmir’e Ermeni Göçü: Acem Tüccarları ve Hemşerilik Ağları”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34, (2021), p. 227-253.
  • Kurt, Yılmaz, “Hasanpaşazâdeler”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (2016), p. 539.
  • Masters, Bruce, “Patterns of Migration to Ottoman Aleppo in the 17th and 18th Centuries”, International Journal of Turkish Studies, 4, (1987), p. 75-89.
  • ______, “Power and Society in Aleppo in the 18th and 19th Centuries”, Revue de monde musulman et de la Méditerranée, 62, (1991), p. 151-158.
  • McGowan, Bruce, “The Age of the Ayans”, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume 2, (eds. Halil İnalcık with Donald Quataert), Cambridge 1997, p. 639-758. Murphey, Rhoads, Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, London 1999.
  • ______, “Yeñi Čeri”, The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition, Volume 11, (eds. P. J. Bearman et al.), Leiden 2002, p. 322-331.
  • Özkaya, Yücel, “XVII. Yüzyılın İlk yarısında Yerli Ailelerin Ayanlıkları Ele Geçirişleri ve Büyük Hanedanlıkların Kuruluşu”, Belleten, 42/168, (1978), p. 667-723.
  • Pamuk, Şevket, A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge 2000.
  • Psilakis, Vasileios, Ιστορία της Κρήτης από της απωτάτης αρχαιότητος μέχρι των καθ’ ημάς χρόνων [History of Crete from the Furthest Antiquity to Our Time], Volume 3, Chania 1909.
  • Pul, Ayşe, “Yeniçeri Teşkilatına Dair Bir Risale (Değerlendirme-Karşılaştırmalı Metin)”, Belleten, 84/301, (2020), p. 983-1044.
  • Quataert, Donald, “Clothing Laws, State and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720-1829”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 29/3, (1997), p. 403-425.
  • Raynal, Guillaume Thomas and Jacques J. Peuchet, Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans l’Afrique septentrionale, Volume 2, Paris 1826.
  • Ricaut, Paul, The History of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire: Containing the Maxims of the Turkish Polity, the Most Material Points of the Mahometan Religion, Their Sects and Heresies, Their Convents and Religious Votaries. Their Military Discipline, with an Exact Computation of Their Forces Both by Sea and Land, London 1686.
  • Sahillioğlu, Halil, “1683-1740 Yıllarında Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Hazine Gelir ve Gideri”, Osmanlı Maliyesi: Kurumlar ve Bütçeler, (eds. Mehmet Genç and Erol Özvar), Istanbul 2006, p. 149-165.
  • Salzmann, Ariel, “An Ancien Régime Revisited: ‘Privatization’ and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire,” Politics and Society, 21/4, (1993), p. 393-423.
  • Savary, Claude Etienne, Letters on Greece: Βeing a Sequel to Letters on Egypt, and Containing Travels through Rhodes, Crete, and Other Islands of the Archipelago; with Comparative Remarks on their Ancient and Present State, and Observations on the Government, Character, and Manner, of the Turks, and Modern Greeks, London 1788.
  • Sel Turhan, Fatma, The Ottoman Empire and the Bosnian Uprising: Janissaries, Modernisation and Rebellion in the Nineteenth Century, London and New York 2014.
  • Sieber, Franz W., Reise nach der Insel Kreta im griechischen Archipelagus im Jahre 1817, Volume 2, Leipzig 1823.
  • Skene, James Henry, “Aleppo”, Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons: Commercial Reports, (1876), Volume 75, p. 964-998.
  • Spyropoulos, Yannis, Κοινωνική, Διοικητική, Οικονομική Και Πολιτική Διάσταση Του Οθωμανικού Στρατού: Οι Γενίτσαροι Της Κρήτης, 1750-1826 [Social, Administrative, Economic and Political Dimensions of the Ottoman Army: The Janissaries of Crete, 1750-1826], University of Crete, Department of History and Archaeology, Ph.D, Rethymno 2014.
  • ______, “Janissary Politics on the Ottoman Periphery (18th-Early 19th c.)”, Halcyon Days in Crete IX: Political Thought and Practice in the Ottoman Empire, (ed. Marinos Sariyannis), Rethymno 2019, p. 449-481.
  • Sućeska, Avdo, “Mālikāna: Lifelong Lease of Governmental Estates in the Ottoman State”, Prilozi za Orijentalnu Filologiju, 36, (1987), p. 197-230.
  • Sunar, Mehmet Mert, Cauldron of Dissent: A Study of the Janissary Corps, 1807-1826, SUNY-Binghamton, Ph.D, New York 2006.
  • Şakul, Kahraman, II. Viyana Kuşatması: Yedi Başlı Ejderin Fendi, Istanbul 2021.
  • Şemdanizade Fındıklılı Süleyman Efendi, Mür’i’t-Tevârîh, Volume 2/B, (ed. Münir Aktepe), Istanbul 1980.
  • Tabakoğlu, Ahmet, Gerileme Dönemine Girerken Osmanlı Maliyesi, Istanbul 1985.
  • Tamdoğan, Işık, “‘Büyükleri Saymak, Küçükleri Sevmek’: 18. Yüzyıl Adanası’nda Ayanların İlişki Ağları ve İki Farklı Yürütme Üslubu”, Tarih ve Toplum Yeni Yaklaşımlar, 1, (2005), p. 77-96.
  • ______, “Nezir ya da XVIII. Yüzyıl Çukurova’sında Eşkıya, Göçebe ve Devlet Arasındaki İlişkiler”, Kebikeç, 21, (2006), p. 135-146.
  • Tancoigne, J. M., Voyage à Smyrne, dans l’archipel et l’île de Candie, Volume 1, Paris 1817.
  • Tatar, Özcan, XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Çukurova’da Aşiretlerin Eşkiyalık Olayları ve Aşiret İskanı (1691-1750), Fırat University, Ph.D, Elazığ 2005.
  • Tezcan, Baki, The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World, Cambridge 2010.
  • Toksöz Meltem, Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Making of the Adana-Mersin Region 1850-1908, Leiden and Boston 2010.
  • Toroser, Tayfun (ed.), Kavanin-i Yeniçeriyan: Yeniçeri Kanunları, Istanbul 2008.
  • Uyar, Mesut and Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans, Santa Barbara, Denver, and Oxford 2009.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtından Kapıkulu Ocakları, Volume 1, Ankara 1988.
  • Ünlü, Ertan and Yılmaz Kurt, “Çukurova Âyânları I: Hasanpaşazâdeler ile İlgili Arşiv Belgeleri I”, Türk Tarih Kurumu Belgeler, 33/37, (2012), p. 57-115.
  • Wilkins, Charles L., Forging Urban Solidarities: Ottoman Aleppo, 1640-1700, Leiden and Boston 2020.
  • Yaycıoğlu, Ali, The Provincial Challenge: Regionalism, Crisis, and Integration in the Late Ottoman Empire (1792-1812), Harvard University, Ph.D, Cambridge Mass. 2008.
  • Yörük, Saim, “Adanalı Seyyidler Hakkında Sosyal ve Ekonomik Açıdan Bazı Değerlendirmeler (1701-1750)”, Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 18, (2011), p. 1-22.
  • ______, “Adana Şehrinin Tarihi Gelişimi (XVI-XVIII. Yüzyıllar)”, Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21/3, (2012), p. 287-308.
  • ______, XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Adana Şehri, Ankara 2015.
Toplam 87 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yannis Spyropoulos 0000-0002-3199-7347

Aysel Yıldız Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0196-6064

Proje Numarası 849911
Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Spyropoulos, Yannis, ve Aysel Yıldız. “PSEUDO-JANISSARISM (YENİÇERİLİK İDDİASI) IN THE OTTOMAN PROVINCES (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ADANA): ITS EMERGENCE AND ITS GEOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS”. Cihannüma Tarih Ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 1 (Haziran 2022): 9-54. https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131044.