Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Investigation of Biopesticide Properties of Garlic Extract Compounds Suitable for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Safety against White Mold Disease in Sunflower Production

Year 2026, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 100 - 122, 17.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.48138/cjo.1795498

Abstract

This study aimed to develop an environmentally friendly and sustainable biocontrol approach against White Mold Disease (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), which causes significant yield losses in sunflower cultivation. In order to reduce the negative impacts of chemical pesticides and contribute to food security, the biopesticide potential of garlic extract compounds (including Allicin, Alliin, Ajoene, sulfur-containing compounds, Quercetin, Kaempferol, and Apigenin) was evaluated in silico using molecular docking techniques.
The molecular interactions between these compounds and the pathogen's lectin protein (2X2T structure) were analyzed via AutoDock Vina, and binding affinities were calculated. Among the tested compounds, Quercetin (-6.3 kcal/mol), Kaempferol (-6.1 kcal/mol), and Apigenin (-6.0 kcal/mol) exhibited the most favorable binding energies, suggesting a higher potential as biopesticide agents. These results highlight the promising inhibitory activity of flavonoid compounds compared to sulfur-based constituents.
Structural analysis revealed that the presence of benzene rings and hydroxyl (-OH) groups positively influenced the binding and inhibitory effects, while excessive sulfur content reduced efficacy. The findings contribute to the rational design of novel, eco-friendly and sustainable biopesticides, offering valuable insights into functional group effects for future pesticide development in line with Green Deal objectives and sustainable agriculture strategies.

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve any human participants or animal experiments; therefore, ethical approval was not required. Research and publication ethics were followed.

Supporting Institution

Kırklareli University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (KLÜBAP)

Project Number

KLÜBAP-278

Thanks

This article was supported by the Kırklareli University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (KLÜBAP) under the project numbered KLÜBAP-278, titled “Investigation of Biopesticide Properties of Garlic Extract Compounds Suitable for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Safety against White Mold Disease in Sunflower Production”.

References

  • Bairwa, V. K., Godika, S., Sharma, J., Nayak, R. K., Gahlot, N., & Choudhary, S. (2020). Management of sclerotinia rot disease of brinjal (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib.) through indigenous materials under in vitro and in vivo conditions. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(4), 881–885.
  • Berman, H. M., Westbrook, J., Feng, Z., Gilliland, G., Bhat, T. N., Weissig, H., & Bourne, P. E. (2000). The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Research, 28(1), 235–242.
  • Bolton, M. D., Thomma, B. P., & Nelson, B. D. (2006). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: Biology and molecular traits of a cosmopolitan pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology, 7(1), 1–16.
  • Cavalcanti, V. P., Araújo, N. A. F., Machado, N. B., Júnior, P. S. P. C., Pasqual, M., Alves, E., & Doria, J. (2020). Yeasts and Bacillus spp. as potential biocontrol agents of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in garlic. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 108931.
  • Ecer, K., Güner, O., & Çetin, M. (2021). Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve Türkiye ekonomisinin uyum politikaları. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 125–144.
  • Focke, M., Feld, A., & Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1990). Allicin, a naturally occurring antibiotic from garlic, specifically inhibits acetyl-CoA synthetase. FEBS Letters, 261(1), 106–108.
  • Frisch, A. (2009). Gaussian 09W reference (25 p., 470). Wallingford, USA: Gaussian, Inc.
  • Gulya, T. J., Harveson, R., Mathew, F., Block, C., Thompson, S., Kandel, H., Berglund, D., Sandbakken, J., Kleingartner, L., & Markell, S. (2019). Comprehensive disease survey of U.S. sunflower: Disease trends, research priorities and unanticipated impacts. Plant Disease, 103(4), 601–618.
  • Gyanwali, P., Khanal, R., Pokharel, N. P., Tharu, B., Koirala, R., Paudel, S., & Paudel, R. (2023). In vitro analysis of antifungal effects of botanicals on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing white mold disease. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 10(2), 8–13.
  • Harveson, R. M. (2011). Sclerotinia diseases of sunflower in Nebraska. NebGuide, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/pages/publicationD.jsp Hegedus, D. D., & Rimmer, S. R. (2005). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: When ‘to be or not to be’ a pathogen? FEMS Microbiology Letters, 251(2), 177–184.
  • Ishikawa, K., Naganawa, R., Yoshida, H., Iwata, N., Fukuda, H., Fujino, T., & Suzuki, A. (1996). Antimutagenic effects of ajoene, an organosulfur compound derived from garlic. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 60(12), 2086–2088.
  • Keşkek Karabulut, Y., Yiğit, A., Karacalı Tunç, A., Saritaş, B. M., Kesici, S., Uzun, Y., & Sadullahoğlu, C. (2024). MAO-A inhibitor properties by molecular modeling method, antimicrobial activity and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Lactifluus bertillonii mushroom. Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology, 12(4).
  • Koçak, R., & Boyraz, N. (2021). The incidence rate of white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) disease in sunflower cultivation areas in Konya and Aksaray provinces and its pathogenic potential. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 35(2), 101–107.
  • Markell, S. G., Harveson, R. M., Block, C. C., & Gulya, T. J. (2015). Sunflower diseases. In Sunflower (pp. 93–128). AOCS Press.
  • Marrone, P. G. (2024). Status of the biopesticide market and prospects for new bioherbicides. Pest Management Science, 80(1), 81–86.
  • Möhring, N., Ingold, K., Kudsk, P., Martin-Laurent, F., Niggli, U., Siegrist, M., & Finger, R. (2020). Pathways for advancing pesticide policies. Nature Food, 1(9), 535–540.
  • Pinto, C. M. F., Maffia, L. A., Casali, V. W. D., Berger, R. D., & Cardoso, A. A. (2000). Production components and yield loss of garlic cultivars planted at different times in a field naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum. International Journal of Pest Management, 46(1), 67–72.
  • Schebesta, H., & Candel, J. J. (2020). Game-changing potential of the EU’s Farm to Fork Strategy. Nature Food, 1(10), 586–588.
  • Semerci, A. (2019). Yağlık ayçiçeği üretiminin ekonomik analizi: Kırklareli ili örneği. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(4), 616–623.
  • Singh, U. P., Pathak, K. K., Khare, M. N., & Singh, R. B. (1979). Effect of leaf extract of garlic on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and on gram seeds. Mycologia, 71(3), 556–564.
  • Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (2023, December). Twelfth Development Plan 2024–2028. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/On-Ikinci-Kalkinma-Plani_2024-2028_11122023.pdf
  • Sulzenbacher, G., Roig-Zamboni, V., Peumans, W. J., Rougé, P., Van Damme, E. J., & Bourne, Y. (2010). Crystal structure of the GalNAc/Gal-specific agglutinin from the phytopathogenic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum reveals novel adaptation of a β-trefoil domain. Journal of Molecular Biology, 400(4), 715–723.
  • Süzer, S., & Çulhacı, E. (2017). Farklı organomineral ve inorganik kompoze gübrelerin kışlık ekmeklik buğday tane verimi ve bazı verim unsurları üzerine etkileri. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 5(2), 87–92.
  • Tan, A., & Kaya, Y. (2019). Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genetic resources, production and researches in Turkey. OCL-Oilseeds and fats, Crops and Lipids, 26(3).
  • Institute for Agricultural Economics and Policy Development. (2022, January). Ayçiçeği, January 2022, Tarım Ürünleri Piyasa Raporu. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler/PDF%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Piyasalar%C4%B1/2022-Ocak%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Rapor%C4%B1/Ay%C3%A7i%C3%A7e%C4%9Fi,%20Ocak-2022,%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Piyasa%20Raporu--+.pdf
  • Thakore, Y. (2006). The biopesticide market for global agricultural use. Industrial Biotechnology, 2(3), 194–208. Torun, E. Ö., Koçak, M. E., Kayra, B., Ercan, F., & Yalçın, S. (2023). Galleria mellonella’nın enzimatik savunma sistemi elemanları, glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) ve glutatyon-S-transferaz (GST) enzimleri üzerine oktadekanoik asit, oleik asit ve n-hekzadekanoik asitin etkilerinin in silico gösterilmesi. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 190–199.
  • Upadhyay, P., & Tewari, A. K. (2019). Evaluation of botanical extracts, animal wastes, organic and inorganic salts, micronutrients and bio-agents against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: A cause of sclerotinia rot of rapeseed-mustard under field conditions. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 8(12), 60–65.
  • Uygun, N., Ulusoy, M. R., & Satar, S. (2016). Biyolojik mücadele. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 1(1), 1–14.
  • Van Lenteren, J. C. (2000). A greenhouse without pesticides: Fact or fantasy? Crop Protection, 19(6), 375–384. Wallock-Richards, D., Doherty, C. J., Doherty, L., Clarke, D. J., Place, M., Govan, J. R., & Campopiano, D. J. (2014). Garlic revisited: Antimicrobial activity of allicin-containing garlic extracts against Burkholderia cepacia complex. PLOS ONE, 9(12), e112726.

Bu çalışmada, ayçiçeği üretiminde ciddi verim kayıplarına yol açan Beyaz Küf Hastalığı (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)’na karşı, çevre dostu ve sürdürülebilir bir biyolojik mücadele yöntemi geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kimyasal pestisitlerin olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak ve gıda güvenliğine katkı sağlamak amacıyla sarımsak özütü bileşiklerinin (Allisin, Allin, Ajoene, Sülfür bileşikleri, Kuersetin, Kaemferol ve Apigenin) biyopestisit potansiyelleri in silico olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Proje kapsamında, moleküler modelleme ve AutoDock Vina yazılımı ile docking çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiş; bu bileşiklerin patojen proteinlerine bağlanma afiniteleri ve etkileşimleri analiz edilmiştir. Kuersetin (-6.3 kcal/mol), Kaemferol (-6.1 kcal/mol) ve Apigenin (-6.0 kcal/mol) en yüksek bağlanma enerjisi ile öne çıkan bileşikler olmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, özellikle flavonoid grubu bileşiklerin biyopestisit olarak kullanıma uygun olabileceğini göstermektedir. Çalışma sonucunda, flavonoid yapıdaki bileşiklerin patojeni inhibe etme potansiyeli daha yüksek bulunmuş; ayrıca yapısal analizlerde benzen halkası ve hidroksil gruplarının bu etkiyi güçlendirdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Proje, sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamalarına katkı sağlayabilecek doğal pestisitlerin geliştirilmesine yönelik önemli bilimsel veriler sunmuştur.

Year 2026, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 100 - 122, 17.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.48138/cjo.1795498

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, ayçiçeği üretiminde ciddi verim kayıplarına yol açan Beyaz Küf Hastalığı (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)’na karşı, çevre dostu ve sürdürülebilir bir biyolojik mücadele yöntemi geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kimyasal pestisitlerin olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak ve gıda güvenliğine katkı sağlamak amacıyla sarımsak özütü bileşiklerinin (Allisin, Allin, Ajoene, Sülfür bileşikleri, Kuersetin, Kaemferol ve Apigenin) biyopestisit potansiyelleri in silico olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
Proje kapsamında, moleküler modelleme ve AutoDock Vina yazılımı ile docking çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiş; bu bileşiklerin patojen proteinlerine bağlanma afiniteleri ve etkileşimleri analiz edilmiştir. Kuersetin (-6.3 kcal/mol), Kaemferol (-6.1 kcal/mol) ve Apigenin (-6.0 kcal/mol) en yüksek bağlanma enerjisi ile öne çıkan bileşikler olmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, özellikle flavonoid grubu bileşiklerin biyopestisit olarak kullanıma uygun olabileceğini göstermektedir.
Çalışma sonucunda, flavonoid yapıdaki bileşiklerin patojeni inhibe etme potansiyeli daha yüksek bulunmuş; ayrıca yapısal analizlerde benzen halkası ve hidroksil gruplarının bu etkiyi güçlendirdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Proje, sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamalarına katkı sağlayabilecek doğal pestisitlerin geliştirilmesine yönelik önemli bilimsel veriler sunmuştur.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, insan veya hayvan denekler üzerinde herhangi bir deneysel uygulama içermediğinden etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir. Araştırma ve yayın etiğine uyulmuştur.

Supporting Institution

Kırklareli Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi (KLÜBAP)

Project Number

KLÜBAP-278

Thanks

Bu makale, “Ayçiçeği Üretiminde Beyaz Küf Hastalığına Karşı Sürdürülebilir Tarım ve Gıda Güvenliğine Uygun Sarımsak Ekstraktı Bileşenlerinin Biyopestisit Özelliklerinin Araştırılması” başlıklı, KLÜBAP-278 numaralı proje kapsamında Kırklareli Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi (KLÜBAP) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

References

  • Bairwa, V. K., Godika, S., Sharma, J., Nayak, R. K., Gahlot, N., & Choudhary, S. (2020). Management of sclerotinia rot disease of brinjal (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib.) through indigenous materials under in vitro and in vivo conditions. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(4), 881–885.
  • Berman, H. M., Westbrook, J., Feng, Z., Gilliland, G., Bhat, T. N., Weissig, H., & Bourne, P. E. (2000). The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Research, 28(1), 235–242.
  • Bolton, M. D., Thomma, B. P., & Nelson, B. D. (2006). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: Biology and molecular traits of a cosmopolitan pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology, 7(1), 1–16.
  • Cavalcanti, V. P., Araújo, N. A. F., Machado, N. B., Júnior, P. S. P. C., Pasqual, M., Alves, E., & Doria, J. (2020). Yeasts and Bacillus spp. as potential biocontrol agents of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in garlic. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 108931.
  • Ecer, K., Güner, O., & Çetin, M. (2021). Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve Türkiye ekonomisinin uyum politikaları. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 125–144.
  • Focke, M., Feld, A., & Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1990). Allicin, a naturally occurring antibiotic from garlic, specifically inhibits acetyl-CoA synthetase. FEBS Letters, 261(1), 106–108.
  • Frisch, A. (2009). Gaussian 09W reference (25 p., 470). Wallingford, USA: Gaussian, Inc.
  • Gulya, T. J., Harveson, R., Mathew, F., Block, C., Thompson, S., Kandel, H., Berglund, D., Sandbakken, J., Kleingartner, L., & Markell, S. (2019). Comprehensive disease survey of U.S. sunflower: Disease trends, research priorities and unanticipated impacts. Plant Disease, 103(4), 601–618.
  • Gyanwali, P., Khanal, R., Pokharel, N. P., Tharu, B., Koirala, R., Paudel, S., & Paudel, R. (2023). In vitro analysis of antifungal effects of botanicals on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing white mold disease. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 10(2), 8–13.
  • Harveson, R. M. (2011). Sclerotinia diseases of sunflower in Nebraska. NebGuide, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/pages/publicationD.jsp Hegedus, D. D., & Rimmer, S. R. (2005). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: When ‘to be or not to be’ a pathogen? FEMS Microbiology Letters, 251(2), 177–184.
  • Ishikawa, K., Naganawa, R., Yoshida, H., Iwata, N., Fukuda, H., Fujino, T., & Suzuki, A. (1996). Antimutagenic effects of ajoene, an organosulfur compound derived from garlic. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 60(12), 2086–2088.
  • Keşkek Karabulut, Y., Yiğit, A., Karacalı Tunç, A., Saritaş, B. M., Kesici, S., Uzun, Y., & Sadullahoğlu, C. (2024). MAO-A inhibitor properties by molecular modeling method, antimicrobial activity and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Lactifluus bertillonii mushroom. Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology, 12(4).
  • Koçak, R., & Boyraz, N. (2021). The incidence rate of white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) disease in sunflower cultivation areas in Konya and Aksaray provinces and its pathogenic potential. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 35(2), 101–107.
  • Markell, S. G., Harveson, R. M., Block, C. C., & Gulya, T. J. (2015). Sunflower diseases. In Sunflower (pp. 93–128). AOCS Press.
  • Marrone, P. G. (2024). Status of the biopesticide market and prospects for new bioherbicides. Pest Management Science, 80(1), 81–86.
  • Möhring, N., Ingold, K., Kudsk, P., Martin-Laurent, F., Niggli, U., Siegrist, M., & Finger, R. (2020). Pathways for advancing pesticide policies. Nature Food, 1(9), 535–540.
  • Pinto, C. M. F., Maffia, L. A., Casali, V. W. D., Berger, R. D., & Cardoso, A. A. (2000). Production components and yield loss of garlic cultivars planted at different times in a field naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum. International Journal of Pest Management, 46(1), 67–72.
  • Schebesta, H., & Candel, J. J. (2020). Game-changing potential of the EU’s Farm to Fork Strategy. Nature Food, 1(10), 586–588.
  • Semerci, A. (2019). Yağlık ayçiçeği üretiminin ekonomik analizi: Kırklareli ili örneği. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(4), 616–623.
  • Singh, U. P., Pathak, K. K., Khare, M. N., & Singh, R. B. (1979). Effect of leaf extract of garlic on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and on gram seeds. Mycologia, 71(3), 556–564.
  • Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (2023, December). Twelfth Development Plan 2024–2028. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/On-Ikinci-Kalkinma-Plani_2024-2028_11122023.pdf
  • Sulzenbacher, G., Roig-Zamboni, V., Peumans, W. J., Rougé, P., Van Damme, E. J., & Bourne, Y. (2010). Crystal structure of the GalNAc/Gal-specific agglutinin from the phytopathogenic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum reveals novel adaptation of a β-trefoil domain. Journal of Molecular Biology, 400(4), 715–723.
  • Süzer, S., & Çulhacı, E. (2017). Farklı organomineral ve inorganik kompoze gübrelerin kışlık ekmeklik buğday tane verimi ve bazı verim unsurları üzerine etkileri. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 5(2), 87–92.
  • Tan, A., & Kaya, Y. (2019). Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genetic resources, production and researches in Turkey. OCL-Oilseeds and fats, Crops and Lipids, 26(3).
  • Institute for Agricultural Economics and Policy Development. (2022, January). Ayçiçeği, January 2022, Tarım Ürünleri Piyasa Raporu. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler/PDF%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Piyasalar%C4%B1/2022-Ocak%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Rapor%C4%B1/Ay%C3%A7i%C3%A7e%C4%9Fi,%20Ocak-2022,%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Piyasa%20Raporu--+.pdf
  • Thakore, Y. (2006). The biopesticide market for global agricultural use. Industrial Biotechnology, 2(3), 194–208. Torun, E. Ö., Koçak, M. E., Kayra, B., Ercan, F., & Yalçın, S. (2023). Galleria mellonella’nın enzimatik savunma sistemi elemanları, glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) ve glutatyon-S-transferaz (GST) enzimleri üzerine oktadekanoik asit, oleik asit ve n-hekzadekanoik asitin etkilerinin in silico gösterilmesi. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 190–199.
  • Upadhyay, P., & Tewari, A. K. (2019). Evaluation of botanical extracts, animal wastes, organic and inorganic salts, micronutrients and bio-agents against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: A cause of sclerotinia rot of rapeseed-mustard under field conditions. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 8(12), 60–65.
  • Uygun, N., Ulusoy, M. R., & Satar, S. (2016). Biyolojik mücadele. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 1(1), 1–14.
  • Van Lenteren, J. C. (2000). A greenhouse without pesticides: Fact or fantasy? Crop Protection, 19(6), 375–384. Wallock-Richards, D., Doherty, C. J., Doherty, L., Clarke, D. J., Place, M., Govan, J. R., & Campopiano, D. J. (2014). Garlic revisited: Antimicrobial activity of allicin-containing garlic extracts against Burkholderia cepacia complex. PLOS ONE, 9(12), e112726.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds, Physical Organic Chemistry
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yasemin Keşkek Karabulut 0000-0002-6742-783X

Project Number KLÜBAP-278
Submission Date October 2, 2025
Acceptance Date December 19, 2025
Publication Date January 17, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Keşkek Karabulut, Y. (2026). Investigation of Biopesticide Properties of Garlic Extract Compounds Suitable for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Safety against White Mold Disease in Sunflower Production. Caucasian Journal of Science, 12(2), 100-122. https://doi.org/10.48138/cjo.1795498

dizin1.png dizin2.png dizin3.png  dizin5.png dizin6.png dizin7.png