Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Epinephrine with Polycatechol/SiO₂NP Modified Electrodes

Abstract

Epinephrine is an important neurotransmitter that plays a role in many areas of the human body, from the central nervous system to the cardiovascular system. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of epinephrine was investigated on polycatechol/SiO₂NP-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE). Polycatechol (PCA) was modified electrochemically, while SiO₂NPs were physically adsorbed. Optimization of the number of cycles was performed for the formation of PCA on the SPCE surface, and optimization of the amount of SiO₂NP modification was performed. The electrochemical behavior of epinephrine on the prepared SPCE/PCA/SiO₂NP electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. PCA and SiO₂NP exhibited a synergistic effect, increasing the electrode's conductivity and exhibiting an electrocatalytic effect against epinephrine. These findings suggest that the SPCE/PCA/SiO₂NP electrode can be used as an electrochemical sensor for the analysis of epinephrine and similar neurotransmitters.

Keywords

• Epinephrine
• polycatechol
• silicon oxide nanoparticles
• electrochemical sensors

Polikatekol/SiO₂NP Modifiye Elektrotlarla Epinefrinin Elektrokimyasal Davranışının İncelenmesi

Abstract

Epinefrin, insan vücudunda merkezi sinir sisteminden kardiyovasküler sistemlere kadar birçok yer de rol alan önemli bir nörotransmiterdir. Bu çalışmada, polikatekol/SiO₂NP modifiyeli yüzey baskılı karbon elektrotlarda (SPCE) epinefrinin elektrokimyasal davranışı incelenmiştir. Polikatekol (PCA) elektrokimyasal yöntemle, SiO₂NP’ler fiziksel adsorpsiyon ile modifiye edilmiştir. PCA’nın SPCE yüzeyinde oluşturulmasında, döngü sayısı optimizasyonu, SiO₂NP’lerin modifikasyonunda miktar optimizasyonu yapılmıştır. Hazırlanan SPCE/PCA/SiO₂NP elektrotlarda epinefrinin elektrokimyasal davranışı dönüşümlü voltametri ile incelenmiştir. PCA ve SiO₂NP sinerjik bir göstererek elektrodun iletkenliğini artırmış ve epinefrine karşı elektrokatalitik etki göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, SPCE/PCA/SiO₂NP elektrotunun, epinefrin ve benzer yapıdaki nörotransmiterlerin analizinde elektrokimyasal sensör olarak kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• Epinefrin
• polikatekol
• silisyum oksit nanopartiküller
• elektrokimyasal sensörler

References

1. Almeida, L. C., Correia, R. D., Palys, B., Correia, J. P., & Viana, A. S. (2021). Comprehensive study of the electrochemical growth and physicochemical properties of polycatecholamines and polycatechol. Electrochimica Acta, 386, 138515.
2. Bard AJ, Faulkner LR, White HS. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Texas; 2022.
3. Becker, S., Schulz, A., Kreyer, S., Dreßler, J., Richter, A., & Helmschrodt, C. (2023). Sensitive and simultaneous quantification of 16 neurotransmitters and metabolites in murine microdialysate by fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta, 253, 123965.
4. Bilgi M & Ayranci E (2016). Biosensor application of screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with nanomaterials and a conducting polymer: Ethanol biosensors based on alcohol dehydrogenase. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 237, 849-855.
5. Demeritt, M. (1981). Fifty years of hybrid poplar research in the northeast, pages 166–183. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.
6. Dhaffouli, A., Salazar-Carballo, P. A., Mabrouk, C., Carinelli, S., Holzinger, M., & Barhoumi, H. (2024). Synthesis, characterization, and application of ZnO@ SiO2-APTES core-shell composite for selective electrochemical detection of Pb2+ ions. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 373, 115416.
7. Kambur, S. (2009). Rhus coriaria l., pyracantha coccinea m. roemer ve cotoneaster nummularia ¬sch. and mey türlerinin tohum ve çimlenme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Master’s thesis, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Artvin.
8. Karamaz, F. and Karaaslan, F. (2021). Hesitant fuzzy parameterized soft sets and their applications in decision making. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 12(2):1869–1878.

9. Laporte, C., & Ball, V. (2025). Electrochemical and Redox Strategies for the Synthesis of Catecholamine-and Dihydroxynaphthalene-Based Materials: A Comparative Review. Electrochem, 6(4), 36.
10. Leau, S. A., Lete, C., Matei, C., & Lupu, S. (2023). Electrochemical sensing platform based on metal nanoparticles for epinephrine and serotonin. Biosensors, 13(8), 781.
11. Li, C., Li, J., Tang, H., Yang, X., Fei, Q., & Sun, C. (2017). A non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensor based on SiO 2–Au nanoparticles for hemoglobin detection. Analytical Methods, 9(8), 1265-1272.
12. Li, H., Cai, J., Chen, R., Zhao, Z., Ying, Z., Wang, L., & Kan, H. (2017). Particulate matter exposure and stress hormone levels: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of air purification. Circulation, 136(7), 618-627.
13. Patil, N., & Marcilla, R. (2020). Catechol-containing Polymers for Electrochemical Energy Storage. Paxon, T. L., Powell, P. R., Lee, H. G., Han, K. A., & Ewing, A. G. (2005). Microcolumn separation of amine metabolites in the fruit fly. Analytical chemistry, 77(16), 5349-5355.
14. Pensrichon, R. (2012). Comparison of Systemic Absorption of Epinephrine Delivered Intranasally (5 mg) vs Intramuscularly (0.3 mg) Using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 129(2), AB184.
15. Pourghobadi, R., Nematollahi, D., Baezzat, M. R., Alizadeh, S., & Goljani, H. (2020). Electropolymerization of catechol on wireless graphite electrode. Unusual cathodic polycatechol formation. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 866, 114180.
16. Robbins, J. and Evans, M. (2004). Growing media for container production in a greenhouse or nurseries. part i. components and mixes. Accessed 1 Sept 2010.
17. Ürgenç, S. (1988). Genel plantasyon ve agaçlandırma teknigi. Number 444. Istanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayını, Istanbul.
18. Zhu, L., Zhou, Q., Shao, W., Wei, Z., & Wang, J. (2022). A sensitive Co-MOF/CNTs/SiO2 composite based electrode for determination of gallic acid. Chemosensors, 10(11), 443.