The Relationship Between BMI, KIDMED Score, and Nutritional Habits of Female Adolescents: A Cross Sectional Study

Year 2024, , 454 - 462, 28.06.2024

Sümeyye Sarı-öz , Hilal Hızlı Güldemir

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1362920

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between the eating habits of adolescent girls and their KIDMED scores and BMIs.
Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted with the participation of 391 female adolescents studying in Istanbul. Descriptive information, the consumption frequency of some foods and dietary habits, and the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) were asked through a face-to-face questionnaire.
Results: 19.4% of the adolescents were found overweight and obese, whereas 15.1% were underweight. It was determined that the BMIs of adolescents who think that they have an adequate and balanced diet and who consume salad or raw vegetables more than once a day are significantly lower (p<.05). Adolescents' mean KIDMED score was found 4.42±2.44; 35.5% had low and 53.8% had moderate KIDMED scores. It was found that the KIDMED scores of the adolescents who consume fruits and vegetables more frequently, never consume chips, consume products such as ready-made cakes/biscuits/wafers less frequently, drink nine glasses of water a day or more, have more meals, do not skip meals, and have breakfast every day are significantly higher (p<.05). No correlation was found between KIDMED and BMI. It was observed that the diet quality of female adolescents was generally at moderate and low levels, but there were no significant differences in BMI values.
Conclusion: It has been concluded that to improve the diet quality of adolescents, it is necessary to develop nutrition education, knowledge and habits, and to provide opportunities to reach healthy meal options in schools.

Keywords

adolescent, nutrition, diet quality, Mediterranean diet

References

• Christian P, Smith ER. Adolescent undernutrition: Global burden, physiology, and nutritional risks. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;72(4):316–328. DOI:10.1159/000488865
• Turkish Statistical Institute. Türkiye in statistics. 2022. Accessed [2023 Oct 11]. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/media/announcements/istatistiklerle_turkiye.pdf (Turkish)
• Moreno LA, Gottrand F, Huybrechts I, Ruiz JR, González-Gross M, DeHenauw S. Nutrition and lifestyle in European adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study. Adv Nutr. 2014;5(5):615-623. DOI:10.3945/an.113.005678
• Chacón V, Liu Q, Park Y, Rohloff P, Barnoya J. Diet quality, school attendance, and body weight status in adolescent girls in rural Guatemala. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2021;1494(1):59–69. DOI:10.1111/nyas.14558
• Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, Mullany EC, Biryukov S, Abbafati C, Abera SF, Abraham JP, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Achoki T, AlBuhairan FS, Alemu ZA, Alfonso R, Ali MK, Ali R, Guzman NA, …….Gakidou E. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014;384(9945):766–781. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8
• Zietz S, Cheng E, Lansford JE, Deater-Deckard K, Di Giunta L, Dodge KA, Gurdal S, Liu Q, Long Q, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Steinberg L, Tapanya S, Tirado LMU, Yotanyamaneewong S, Alampay LP, Al-Hassan SM, Bacchini D, Chang L, Bornstein MH. Positive parenting, adolescent adjustment, and quality of adolescent diet in nine countries. J Adolesc. 2022;94(8):1130–1141. DOI:10.1002/jad.12089
• Ober P, Sobek C, Stein N, Spielau U, Abel S, Kiess W, Meigen C, Poulain T, Igel U, Lipek T, Vogel M. And yet again: Having breakfast is positively associated with lower BMI and healthier general eating behavior in schoolchildren. Nutrients 2021;13(4):1351. DOI:10.3390/nu13041351
• Dallacker M, Hertwig R, Mata J. The frequency of family meals and nutritional health in children: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2018;19(5):638–653. DOI:10.1111/obr.12659
• World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. Action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in the WHO European Region 2016. Accessed [2022 May 23]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/341522
• Regan C, Walltott H, Kjellenberg K, Nyberg G, Helgadóttir B. Investigation of the associations between diet quality and health-related quality of life in a sample of Swedish adolescents. Nutrients 2022;14(12):2489. DOI:10.3390/nu14122489
• Liu PC, Lin YC, Gau BS, Tung HH, Hu SH, Chen CW. Association between lifestyle-related, psychosocial factors and obesity among female adolescents in Taiwan. J Pediat Nurs 2023;68:e58-e68. DOI:10.1016/j.pedn.2022.11.011
• Krebs N, Bagby S, Bhutta ZA, Dewey K, Fall C, Gregory F, Hay Jr W, Rhuman L, Wallace Caldwell C, Thornburg KL. International summit on the nutrition of adolescent girls and young women: Consensus Statement. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2017;1400(1):3–7. DOI:10.1111/nyas.13417
• De K, Bose K. Nutritional status and menarcheal age of rural adolescent girls of Salboni Block of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Youth and Adolescent Health. 2016;3:42–47.
• Roba K, Abdo M, Wakayo T. Nutritional status and its associated factors among school adolescent girls in Adama City, Central Ethiopia. J Nutr Food Sci. 2016;6(3):1000493. DOI:10.4172/2155-9600.1000493
• Rosell M, Carlander A, Cassel S, Henriksson P, J-son Höök M, Löf M. Generation Pep Study: A population-based survey on diet and physical activity in 12,000 Swedish children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2021;110(9):2597–2606. DOI:10.1111/apa.15850
• World Health Organization (WHO). Global database on body mass index. 2015. Accessed [2021 Nov 3]. http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp
• Serra-Majem L, Ribas L, Ngo J, Ortega RM, García A, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Aranceta J. Food, youth and the Mediterranean diet in Spain. Development of KIDMED, Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in children and adolescents. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(7): 931-935. DOI:10.1079/phn2004556
• Sahingoz SA, Sanlier N. Compliance with Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) and nutrition knowledge levels in adolescents. A case study from Turkey. Appetite 2011;57(1):272–277. DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.307
• Ma L, Xu H, Zhang Z, Li L, Lin Z, Qin H. Nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and dietary practices among parents of children and adolescents in Weifang, China: A cross-sectional study. Prevent Med Rep 2023;35:102396. DOI:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102396
• World Health Organization (WHO). Growth reference data for 5-19 years. 2007. Accessed [2021 Mar 4]. https://www.who.int/tools/growth-reference-data-for-5to19-years
• Rosi A, Paolella G, Biasini B, Scazzina F, Alicante P, De Blasio F, dello Russo M, Rendina D, Tabacchi G, Cairella G, Garbagnati F, Scalfi L, Strazzullo P. Dietary habits of adolescents living in North America, Europe or Oceania: A review on fruit, vegetable and legume consumption, sodium intake, and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(6):544–560. DOI:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.03.003
• Minaker L, Hammond D. Low frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption among Canadian youth: Findings from the 2012/2013 Youth Smoking Survey. J Sch Health. 2016;86(2):135–142. DOI:10.1111/josh.12359
• Canada Dietary Guidelines for health professionals and policy makers. Ottawa, Canada; 2019. Accessed [2022 Oct 10]. https://food-guide.canada.ca/sites/default/files/artifact-pdf/CDG-EN-2018.pdf
• Borrmann A, Mensink GBM, Group KS. Fruit and vegetable consumption of children and adolescents in Germany. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2015;58(9):1005–1014. DOI:10.1007/s00103-015-2208-4
• Ali HI, Al Dhaheri AS, Elmi F, Ng SW, Zaghloul S, Ohuma EO, Qazaq HS. Water and beverage consumption among a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents in the United Arab Emirates. Nutrients 2019;11(9):2110. DOI:10.3390/nu11092110
• Vézina-Im LA, Beaulieu D. Determinants and interventions to promote water consumption among adolescents: A review of the recent literature. Curr Nutr Rep. 2019;8(2):129–144. DOI:10.1007/s13668-019-0275-0
• Turkish Ministry of Health. Turkey Nutrition and Health Survey (TNHS) 2017. Ankara; 2019. Accessed [2021 Sept 14]. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/saglikli-beslenme-hareketli-hayat-db/Yayinlar/kitaplar/TBSA_RAPOR_KITAP_20.08.pdf (Turkish)
• Kabaran S, Gezer C. Determination of the mediterranean diet and the obesity status of children and adolescents in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Turk J Pediatr Dis. 2013;7(1):11–20. DOI:10.12956/tjpd.2013.1.03
• de Moraes ACF, Adami F, Falcão MC. Understanding the correlates of adolescents’ dietary intake patterns: A multivariate analysis. Appetite 2012;58(3):1057–1062. DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.024
• Mustafa N, Abd Majid H, Toumpakari Z, Carroll HA, Yazid Jalaludin M, Al Sadat N, Johnson L. The association of breakfast frequency and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among adolescents in Malaysia. Nutrients 2019;11(5):973. DOI:10.3390/nu11050973
• Ma X, Chen Q, Pu Y, Guo M, Jiang Z, Huang W, Long Y, Xu Y. Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2020;14(1): 1-8. DOI:10.1016/j.orcp.2019.12.002
• Vanhelst J, Béghin L, Duhamel A, De Henauw S, Ruiz JR, Kafatos A, Androutsos O, Widhalm K, Mauro B, Sjöström M, Kersting M, Gottrand F. Do adolescents accurately evaluate their diet quality? The HELENA study. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(6):1669–1673. DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.10.019