[1] Monsour PA, Young WG. Variability of the styloid process
and stylohyoid ligament in panoramic radiographs. Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Path. 1986;61(5):522-526. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(86)90399-3
[2] Öztaş B, Orhan K. Investigation of the incidence of stylohyoid
ligament calcifications with panoramic radiographs. J
Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3(1):30-35. DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-
1626.2011.00081.x
[3] Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot JE. Developmental
defects of the oral and maxillofacial region. Oral Maxiollofac
Path. 2002;3:37-38.
[4] Sancak B, Cumhur M. Kafa Kemikleri. Sancak B, Cumhur M,
editors. Fonksiyonel anatomi (Baş-boyun ve iç organlar) 4th
ed. Ankara:ODTÜ yayıncılık; 2004.p.21-23(Turkish)
[5] Ghosh LM, Dubey SP. The syndrome of elongated styloid
process. Auris Nasus Larynx. 1999;26(2):169-175. DOI:
10.1016/S0385-8146(98)00079-0
[6] Moon CS, Lee BS, Kwon YD, Choi BJ, Lee JW, Lee HW, Yun
SU, Ohe JY. Eagle’s syndrome: a case report. J Korean Assoc
Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;40(1):43-47. DOI: 10.5125/
jkaoms.2014.40.1.43
[7] Fini G, Gasparini G, Filippini F, Becelli R, Marcotullio D.
The long styloid process syndrome or Eagle’s syndrome. J
Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2000;28(2):123-127. DOI: 10.1054/
jcms.2000.0128
[8] İlgüy M, İlgüy D, Güler N, Bayirli G. Incidence of the type
and calcification patterns in patients with elongated
styloid process. J Int Med Res. 2005;33(1):96-102. DOI:
10.1177/147.323.000503300110
[9] Langlais RP, Miles DA, Van Dis ML. Elongated and mineralized
stylohyoid ligament complex: a proposed classification
and report of a case of Eagle’s syndrome. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Path. 1986;61(5):527-532. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(86)90400-7
[10] Eagle WW. Elongated styloid processes: report of two
cases. Arch Otolaryngol. 1937;25(5):584-587. DOI: 10.1001/
archotol.1937.006.50010656008
[11] Kaufman SM, Elzay RP, Irish EF. Styloid process variation:
radiologic and clinical study. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;91(5):460-
463. DOI: 10.1001/archotol.1970.007.70040654013
[12] Keur J, Campbell J, McCarthy J, Ralph WJ. The clinical
significance of the elongated styloid process. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Path. 1986;61(4):399-404. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(86)90426-3
[13] Savranlar A, Uzun L, Uğur MB, Ozer T. Three-dimensional CT
of Eagle’s syndrome. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2005;11(4):206-209.
[14] Yavuz H, Caylakli F, Yildirim T, Ozluoglu LN. Angulation
of the styloid process in Eagle’s syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;265(11):1393-1396. DOI: 10.1007/
s00405.008.0686-9
[15] Piagkou M, Anagnostopoulou S, Kouladouros K, Piagkos
G. Eagle’s syndrome: a review of the literature. Clin Anat.
2009;22(5):545-558. DOI: 10.1002/ca.20804
[16] Koivumäki A, Marinescu-Gava M, Järnstedt J, Sándor G, Wolff
J. Trauma induced eagle syndrome. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2012;41(3):350-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.12.031
[17] Diamond LH, Cottrell DA, Hunter MJ, Papageorge M. Eagle’s
syndrome: a report of 4 patients treated using a modified
extraoral approach. J Oral Maxiollofac Surg. 2001;59(12):1420-
1426. DOI: 10.1053/joms.2001.28276
[18] Stafne EC, Hollinshead WH. Roentgenographic
observations on the stylohyoid chain. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Path. 1962;15(10):1195-1200. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(62)90154-8
[19] Nogueira-Reis F, de Oliveira Reis L, Fontenele RC, Freitas
DQ, Tabchoury CPM. Prevalence and features of elongated
styloid process on imaging studies: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;1-17. DOI: 10.1007/
s00784.021.04285-w
[20] MacDonald-Jankowski DS. Calcification of the stylohyoid
complex in Londoners and Hong Kong Chinese.
Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2001;30(1):35-39. DOI: 10.1038/sj/
dmfr/4600574
[21] Rodríguez-Vázquez J, Mérida-Velasco J, Verdugo-López S,
Sánchez-Montesinos I, Mérida-Velasco JA. Morphogenesis
of the second pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert’s cartilage)
in human embryos. J Anat. 2006;208(2):179-189. DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00524.x
[22] Patil S, Ghosh S, Vasudeva N. Morphometric study of the styloid
process of temporal bone. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(9):AC04.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/9419.4867
[23] Kursoglu P, Unalan F, Erdem T. Radiological evaluation of the
styloid process in young adults resident in Turkey’s Yeditepe
University faculty of dentistry. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path
Oral Radio Oral End. 2005;100(4):491-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.
tripleo.2005.05.061
[24] Pereira FL, Iwaki Filho L, Pavan AJ, Farah GJ, Gonçalves
EAL, Veltrini VC, Camarini ET. Styloid-stylohyoid syndrome:
literature review and case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2007;65(7):1346-1353. DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.07.020
[25] Ferrario VF, Sigurta D, Daddona A, Dalloca L, Miani A, Tafuro
F, Sforza C. Calcification of the stylohyoid ligament: incidence
and morphoquantitative evaluations. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Path. 1990;69(4):524-529. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(90)90390-E
[26] Mortellaro C, Biancucci P, Picciolo G, Vercellino V. Eagle’s
syndrome: importance of a corrected diagnosis and adequate
surgical treatment. J Craniofac Surg. 2002;13(6):755-758. DOI:
10.1097/00001.665.200211000-00007
[27] Slavin KV. Eagle syndrome: entrapment of the glossopharyngeal
nerve?: Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg.
2002;97(1):216-8. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2002.97.1.0216
[28] Eagle W. Elongated styloid process: symptoms and treatment.
AMA Arch Otolaryngol. 1958;67(2):172-176. DOI: 10.1001/
archotol.1958.007.30010178007
[29] Orhan KS, Güldiken Y, Ural Hİ, Çakmak A. Elongated styloid
process (Eagle’s syndrome): literature review and a case
report. Agri. 2005;17(2):23-25. (Turkish)
[30] Alpoz E, Akar GC, Celik S, Govsa F, Lomcali G. Prevalence and
pattern of stylohyoid chain complex patterns detected by
panoramic radiographs among Turkish population. Surg Radiol
Anat. 2014;36(1):39-46. DOI: 10.1007/s00276.013.1137-x
[31] Okabe S, Morimoto Y, Ansai T, Yamada K, Tanaka T, Awano
S, Kito S, Takata Y, Takehara T, Ohba T. Clinical significance
and variation of the advanced calcified stylohyoid complex
detected by panoramic radiographs among 80-year-old
subjects. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35(3):191-199. DOI:
10.1259/dmfr/12056500
[32] Watanabe P, Dias F, Issa J, Monteiro S, De Paula F, Tiossi
R. Elongated styloid process and atheroma in panoramic
radiography and its relationship with systemic osteoporosis
and osteopenia. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(5):831-836. DOI:
10.1007/s00198.009.1022-y
[33] Carroll MKO. Calcification in the stylohyoid ligament. Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Path. 1984;58(5):617-21. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(84)90089-6
[34] Oztunç H, Evlice B, Tatli U, Evlice A. Cone-beam computed
tomographic evaluation of styloid process: a retrospective
study of 208 patients with orofacial pain. Head Face Med.
2014;10(1):1-7. DOI: 10.1186/1746-160X-10-5
[35] Andrei F, Motoc AGM, Didilescu AC, Rusu MC. A 3D cone
beam computed tomography study of the styloid process of
the temporal bone. Folia Morphol. 2013;72(1):29-35. DOI:
10.5603/FM.2013.0005
[36] Gözil R, Yener N, Calgüner E, Araç M, Tunç E, Bahçelioğlu M.
Morphological characteristics of styloid process evaluated by
computerized axial tomography. Ann Anat. 2001;183(6):527-
535. DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(01)80060-1
[37] Başekim CC, Mutlu H, Güngör A, Silit E, Pekkafali Z, Kutlay M,
Çolak A, Öztürk E, Kizilkaya E. Evaluation of styloid process
by three-dimensional computed tomography. Eur Radiol.
2005;15(1):134-139. DOI: 10.1007/s00330.004.2354-9
[38] Omami G. Calcification of the stylohyoid complex in
Libyans. Saudi Dent J. 2018;30(2):151-154. DOI: 10.1016/j.
sdentj.2017.12.003
[39] Reddy RS, Kiran CS, Madhavi NS, Raghavendra MN, Satish
A. Prevalence of elongation and calcification patterns of
elongated styloid process in south India. J Clin Exp Dent.
2013;5(1):e30. DOI: 10.4317/jced.50981
[40] Bagga MB, Kumar CA, Yeluri G. Clinicoradiologic evaluation of
styloid process calcification. Imaging Sci Dent. 2012;42(3):155-
161. DOI: 10.5624/isd.2012.42.3.155
[41] Rizzatti-Barbosa CM, Ribeiro MC, Silva-Concilio LR, Di Hipolito
O, Ambrosano GM. Is an elongated stylohyoid process
prevalent in the elderly? A radiographic study in a Brazilian
population. Gerodontology. 2005;22(2):112-115. DOI:
10.1111/j.1741-2358.2005.00046.x
[42] Andrade KMd, Rodrigues CA, Watanabe PCA, Mazzetto
MO. Styloid process elongation and calcification in subjects
with TMD: Clinical and radiographic aspects. Braz Dent J.
2012;23:443-450. DOI: 10.1590/S0103.644.0201200.040.0023
[43] Vieira EMM, Guedes OA, De Morais S, De Musis CR, De
Albuquerque PAA, Borges ÁH. Prevalence of elongated styloid
process in a central Brazilian population. J Clin Diaggn Res.
2015;9(9):ZC90. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/14599.6567
[44] More CB, Asrani MK. Evaluation of the styloid process on
digital panoramic radiographs. Indian J Radiol Imaging.
2010;20(4):261. DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.73537
[45] Ekici F, Tekbas G, Hamidi C, Onder H, Goya C, Cetincakmak MG,
Gumus H, Uyar A, Bilici A. The distribution of stylohyoid chain
anatomic variations by age groups and gender: an analysis
using MDCT. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270(5):1715-
1720. DOI: 10.1007/s00405.012.2202-5
[46] Gokce C, Sisman Y, Ertas ET, Akgunlu F, Ozturk A. Prevalence
of styloid process elongation on panoramic radiography in
the Turkey population from cappadocia region. Eur J Dent.
2008;2(01):18-22. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039.169.7348
[47] Bruno G, De Stefani A, Balasso P, Mazzoleni S, Gracco A.
Elongated styloid process: an epidemiological study on digital
panoramic radiographs. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(12):e1446.
DOI: 10.4317/jced.54370
[48] Tassoker M, Magat G. Investigation of the prevalence of styloid
process elongation on digital panoramic radiographs in turkish
population. J Ege Univ Fac Dent. 2015;36(2), 67-73. DOI:
10.5505/eudfd.2015.65487 (Turkish)
[49] Magat G, Ozcan S. Evaluation of styloid process morphology
and calcification types in both genders with different ages and
dental status. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent. 2017;51(2):29-36. DOI:
10.17096/jiufd.35768
Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study
Objective: The elongated styloid process (SP) and calcified stylohyoid ligament can be evaluated radiologically and are associated with some symptoms and syndromes. This study aimed to define the incidence of different stylohyoid chain patterns and classify them.
Methods: Digital panoramic radiographs of 1217 patients were included in the study. The styloid chain patterns were analyzed according to MacDonald-Jankowski’s study. Data analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program.
Descriptive values were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The data were assessed by using Chi-squared tests. A probability level of less than .05 (p ˂ .05) was considered significant.
Results: The prevalence of the stylohyoid chain complex patterns was higher for normal SP (86.5%), followed by elongated SP (7.1%), calcified stylohyoid ligament (2.2%), and absent stylohyoid chain (2.8%). Unclassified SP was detected in twenty individuals on the left (1.6%) and fourteen on the right (1.2%). In view of symmetry of the stylohyoid chain complex, 979 (80.4%) were symmetric, 238 (19.6%) were asymmetric and 14 (1.15%) of the asymmetrical ones were unilateral. There was no significant difference in gender for the type of stylohyoid chain complex pattern (p > .05). There was statistically significant difference between the stylohyoid complex pattern and age groups for the right and left
sides (p < .05).
Conclusion: The authors believe that this study provides additional information about the frequency of the elongated styloid process and provides valuable knowledge of the anatomical variations of the SP. Current findings should be correlated with clinical symptoms in future studies
[1] Monsour PA, Young WG. Variability of the styloid process
and stylohyoid ligament in panoramic radiographs. Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Path. 1986;61(5):522-526. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(86)90399-3
[2] Öztaş B, Orhan K. Investigation of the incidence of stylohyoid
ligament calcifications with panoramic radiographs. J
Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3(1):30-35. DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-
1626.2011.00081.x
[3] Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot JE. Developmental
defects of the oral and maxillofacial region. Oral Maxiollofac
Path. 2002;3:37-38.
[4] Sancak B, Cumhur M. Kafa Kemikleri. Sancak B, Cumhur M,
editors. Fonksiyonel anatomi (Baş-boyun ve iç organlar) 4th
ed. Ankara:ODTÜ yayıncılık; 2004.p.21-23(Turkish)
[5] Ghosh LM, Dubey SP. The syndrome of elongated styloid
process. Auris Nasus Larynx. 1999;26(2):169-175. DOI:
10.1016/S0385-8146(98)00079-0
[6] Moon CS, Lee BS, Kwon YD, Choi BJ, Lee JW, Lee HW, Yun
SU, Ohe JY. Eagle’s syndrome: a case report. J Korean Assoc
Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;40(1):43-47. DOI: 10.5125/
jkaoms.2014.40.1.43
[7] Fini G, Gasparini G, Filippini F, Becelli R, Marcotullio D.
The long styloid process syndrome or Eagle’s syndrome. J
Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2000;28(2):123-127. DOI: 10.1054/
jcms.2000.0128
[8] İlgüy M, İlgüy D, Güler N, Bayirli G. Incidence of the type
and calcification patterns in patients with elongated
styloid process. J Int Med Res. 2005;33(1):96-102. DOI:
10.1177/147.323.000503300110
[9] Langlais RP, Miles DA, Van Dis ML. Elongated and mineralized
stylohyoid ligament complex: a proposed classification
and report of a case of Eagle’s syndrome. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Path. 1986;61(5):527-532. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(86)90400-7
[10] Eagle WW. Elongated styloid processes: report of two
cases. Arch Otolaryngol. 1937;25(5):584-587. DOI: 10.1001/
archotol.1937.006.50010656008
[11] Kaufman SM, Elzay RP, Irish EF. Styloid process variation:
radiologic and clinical study. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;91(5):460-
463. DOI: 10.1001/archotol.1970.007.70040654013
[12] Keur J, Campbell J, McCarthy J, Ralph WJ. The clinical
significance of the elongated styloid process. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Path. 1986;61(4):399-404. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(86)90426-3
[13] Savranlar A, Uzun L, Uğur MB, Ozer T. Three-dimensional CT
of Eagle’s syndrome. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2005;11(4):206-209.
[14] Yavuz H, Caylakli F, Yildirim T, Ozluoglu LN. Angulation
of the styloid process in Eagle’s syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;265(11):1393-1396. DOI: 10.1007/
s00405.008.0686-9
[15] Piagkou M, Anagnostopoulou S, Kouladouros K, Piagkos
G. Eagle’s syndrome: a review of the literature. Clin Anat.
2009;22(5):545-558. DOI: 10.1002/ca.20804
[16] Koivumäki A, Marinescu-Gava M, Järnstedt J, Sándor G, Wolff
J. Trauma induced eagle syndrome. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2012;41(3):350-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.12.031
[17] Diamond LH, Cottrell DA, Hunter MJ, Papageorge M. Eagle’s
syndrome: a report of 4 patients treated using a modified
extraoral approach. J Oral Maxiollofac Surg. 2001;59(12):1420-
1426. DOI: 10.1053/joms.2001.28276
[18] Stafne EC, Hollinshead WH. Roentgenographic
observations on the stylohyoid chain. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Path. 1962;15(10):1195-1200. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(62)90154-8
[19] Nogueira-Reis F, de Oliveira Reis L, Fontenele RC, Freitas
DQ, Tabchoury CPM. Prevalence and features of elongated
styloid process on imaging studies: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;1-17. DOI: 10.1007/
s00784.021.04285-w
[20] MacDonald-Jankowski DS. Calcification of the stylohyoid
complex in Londoners and Hong Kong Chinese.
Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2001;30(1):35-39. DOI: 10.1038/sj/
dmfr/4600574
[21] Rodríguez-Vázquez J, Mérida-Velasco J, Verdugo-López S,
Sánchez-Montesinos I, Mérida-Velasco JA. Morphogenesis
of the second pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert’s cartilage)
in human embryos. J Anat. 2006;208(2):179-189. DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00524.x
[22] Patil S, Ghosh S, Vasudeva N. Morphometric study of the styloid
process of temporal bone. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(9):AC04.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/9419.4867
[23] Kursoglu P, Unalan F, Erdem T. Radiological evaluation of the
styloid process in young adults resident in Turkey’s Yeditepe
University faculty of dentistry. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path
Oral Radio Oral End. 2005;100(4):491-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.
tripleo.2005.05.061
[24] Pereira FL, Iwaki Filho L, Pavan AJ, Farah GJ, Gonçalves
EAL, Veltrini VC, Camarini ET. Styloid-stylohyoid syndrome:
literature review and case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2007;65(7):1346-1353. DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.07.020
[25] Ferrario VF, Sigurta D, Daddona A, Dalloca L, Miani A, Tafuro
F, Sforza C. Calcification of the stylohyoid ligament: incidence
and morphoquantitative evaluations. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Path. 1990;69(4):524-529. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(90)90390-E
[26] Mortellaro C, Biancucci P, Picciolo G, Vercellino V. Eagle’s
syndrome: importance of a corrected diagnosis and adequate
surgical treatment. J Craniofac Surg. 2002;13(6):755-758. DOI:
10.1097/00001.665.200211000-00007
[27] Slavin KV. Eagle syndrome: entrapment of the glossopharyngeal
nerve?: Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg.
2002;97(1):216-8. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2002.97.1.0216
[28] Eagle W. Elongated styloid process: symptoms and treatment.
AMA Arch Otolaryngol. 1958;67(2):172-176. DOI: 10.1001/
archotol.1958.007.30010178007
[29] Orhan KS, Güldiken Y, Ural Hİ, Çakmak A. Elongated styloid
process (Eagle’s syndrome): literature review and a case
report. Agri. 2005;17(2):23-25. (Turkish)
[30] Alpoz E, Akar GC, Celik S, Govsa F, Lomcali G. Prevalence and
pattern of stylohyoid chain complex patterns detected by
panoramic radiographs among Turkish population. Surg Radiol
Anat. 2014;36(1):39-46. DOI: 10.1007/s00276.013.1137-x
[31] Okabe S, Morimoto Y, Ansai T, Yamada K, Tanaka T, Awano
S, Kito S, Takata Y, Takehara T, Ohba T. Clinical significance
and variation of the advanced calcified stylohyoid complex
detected by panoramic radiographs among 80-year-old
subjects. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35(3):191-199. DOI:
10.1259/dmfr/12056500
[32] Watanabe P, Dias F, Issa J, Monteiro S, De Paula F, Tiossi
R. Elongated styloid process and atheroma in panoramic
radiography and its relationship with systemic osteoporosis
and osteopenia. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(5):831-836. DOI:
10.1007/s00198.009.1022-y
[33] Carroll MKO. Calcification in the stylohyoid ligament. Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Path. 1984;58(5):617-21. DOI: 10.1016/0030-
4220(84)90089-6
[34] Oztunç H, Evlice B, Tatli U, Evlice A. Cone-beam computed
tomographic evaluation of styloid process: a retrospective
study of 208 patients with orofacial pain. Head Face Med.
2014;10(1):1-7. DOI: 10.1186/1746-160X-10-5
[35] Andrei F, Motoc AGM, Didilescu AC, Rusu MC. A 3D cone
beam computed tomography study of the styloid process of
the temporal bone. Folia Morphol. 2013;72(1):29-35. DOI:
10.5603/FM.2013.0005
[36] Gözil R, Yener N, Calgüner E, Araç M, Tunç E, Bahçelioğlu M.
Morphological characteristics of styloid process evaluated by
computerized axial tomography. Ann Anat. 2001;183(6):527-
535. DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(01)80060-1
[37] Başekim CC, Mutlu H, Güngör A, Silit E, Pekkafali Z, Kutlay M,
Çolak A, Öztürk E, Kizilkaya E. Evaluation of styloid process
by three-dimensional computed tomography. Eur Radiol.
2005;15(1):134-139. DOI: 10.1007/s00330.004.2354-9
[38] Omami G. Calcification of the stylohyoid complex in
Libyans. Saudi Dent J. 2018;30(2):151-154. DOI: 10.1016/j.
sdentj.2017.12.003
[39] Reddy RS, Kiran CS, Madhavi NS, Raghavendra MN, Satish
A. Prevalence of elongation and calcification patterns of
elongated styloid process in south India. J Clin Exp Dent.
2013;5(1):e30. DOI: 10.4317/jced.50981
[40] Bagga MB, Kumar CA, Yeluri G. Clinicoradiologic evaluation of
styloid process calcification. Imaging Sci Dent. 2012;42(3):155-
161. DOI: 10.5624/isd.2012.42.3.155
[41] Rizzatti-Barbosa CM, Ribeiro MC, Silva-Concilio LR, Di Hipolito
O, Ambrosano GM. Is an elongated stylohyoid process
prevalent in the elderly? A radiographic study in a Brazilian
population. Gerodontology. 2005;22(2):112-115. DOI:
10.1111/j.1741-2358.2005.00046.x
[42] Andrade KMd, Rodrigues CA, Watanabe PCA, Mazzetto
MO. Styloid process elongation and calcification in subjects
with TMD: Clinical and radiographic aspects. Braz Dent J.
2012;23:443-450. DOI: 10.1590/S0103.644.0201200.040.0023
[43] Vieira EMM, Guedes OA, De Morais S, De Musis CR, De
Albuquerque PAA, Borges ÁH. Prevalence of elongated styloid
process in a central Brazilian population. J Clin Diaggn Res.
2015;9(9):ZC90. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/14599.6567
[44] More CB, Asrani MK. Evaluation of the styloid process on
digital panoramic radiographs. Indian J Radiol Imaging.
2010;20(4):261. DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.73537
[45] Ekici F, Tekbas G, Hamidi C, Onder H, Goya C, Cetincakmak MG,
Gumus H, Uyar A, Bilici A. The distribution of stylohyoid chain
anatomic variations by age groups and gender: an analysis
using MDCT. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270(5):1715-
1720. DOI: 10.1007/s00405.012.2202-5
[46] Gokce C, Sisman Y, Ertas ET, Akgunlu F, Ozturk A. Prevalence
of styloid process elongation on panoramic radiography in
the Turkey population from cappadocia region. Eur J Dent.
2008;2(01):18-22. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039.169.7348
[47] Bruno G, De Stefani A, Balasso P, Mazzoleni S, Gracco A.
Elongated styloid process: an epidemiological study on digital
panoramic radiographs. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(12):e1446.
DOI: 10.4317/jced.54370
[48] Tassoker M, Magat G. Investigation of the prevalence of styloid
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Altındağ, A., Eren, H., Küçükkalem, M., Altındağ, Ö. (2022). Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 12(4), 906-912. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.980990
AMA
Altındağ A, Eren H, Küçükkalem M, Altındağ Ö. Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. December 2022;12(4):906-912. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.980990
Chicago
Altındağ, Ali, Hakan Eren, Muhammed Küçükkalem, and Ömer Altındağ. “Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 2022): 906-12. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.980990.
EndNote
Altındağ A, Eren H, Küçükkalem M, Altındağ Ö (December 1, 2022) Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12 4 906–912.
IEEE
A. Altındağ, H. Eren, M. Küçükkalem, and Ö. Altındağ, “Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 906–912, 2022, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.980990.
ISNAD
Altındağ, Ali et al. “Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12/4 (December 2022), 906-912. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.980990.
JAMA
Altındağ A, Eren H, Küçükkalem M, Altındağ Ö. Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2022;12:906–912.
MLA
Altındağ, Ali et al. “Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 906-12, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.980990.
Vancouver
Altındağ A, Eren H, Küçükkalem M, Altındağ Ö. Prevalence and Pattern of Stylohyoid Chain Complex on Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2022;12(4):906-12.