Factor Affecting Fear, Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19 in Turkey: A Cross- Sectional Study

Year 2022, , 479 - 485, 30.06.2022

Seda Kocak , Aysun Kazak , Serdar Karakullukçu

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984601

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to research levels of fear, anxiety and depression related with the COVID-19 outbreak and the potential risk factors contributing these facts within the population of Turkey.
Methods: 377 people participated in this study. This study conducted from September to the end of December 2020. An online survey was performed by using the Individual Information Form, The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (7-35 points) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale; HAD-A (0-3 points, ≥10), HAD-D (0-3 points, ≥7).
Results: When Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale are examined, the anxiety scores of 15.9% (> 10, n = 60) and depression scores of 34.2% (> 7, n = 129) of the participants are higher than the cut-off points. HAD-A, HAD-D and COVID-Fear data were positively significantly correlated with each other (p <0.001). In regression analysis, females, those with a relative who has at least one chronic illness, those with mental disorders, and those receiving psychological support were determined as risk factors.
Conclusion: Interrelationships of mental wellbeing, and health status changing at an individual basis must be taken into consideration while evaluating psychological effects of COVID-19.

Keywords

anxiety, COVID-19, depression, fear

References

• [1] Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281-286.
• [2] Almond D, Mazumder B. The 1918 Influenza pandemic and subsequent health outcomes: an analysis of sipp data. Am Econ Rev. 2005;95(2):258-262.
• [3] Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health. 2020;16(1):1-11.
• [4] Wu KK, Chan SK, Ma TM. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Trauma Stress. 2005;18(1):39-42.
• [5] Euronews. Türkiye’de sokağa çıkma yasağını duyanlar marketlere akın etti Turkey2020 [Available from: https://tr.euronews.com/2020/04/10/turkiye de sokaga cıkma yasagını duyanlar marketlere akın etti.
• [6] Pollack MH. Comorbid anxiety and depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(Suppl 8):22-29
• [7] Nicolini H. Depression and anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic. Cir Cir. 2020;88(5):542-547.
• [8] Depression W. Other common mental disorders: global health estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2017:1-24.
• [9] Wheaton MG, Abramowitz JS, Berman NC, Fabricant LE, Olatunji BO. Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognit Ther Re. 2012;36(3):210-218.
• [10] Kar N, Bastia BK. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006;2(1):1-7.
• [11] Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF. Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3740.
• [12] Rubin GJ, Amlôt R, Page L, Wessely S. Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ. 2009;339:b2651.
• [13] Soraci P, Ferrari A, Abbiati FA, Del Fante E, De Pace R, Urso A, Griffiths MD. Validation and psychometric evaluation of the italian version of the fear of covid-19 scale. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020 4:1-10
• [14] Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE, Hirsch IB. The relationship of depressive symptoms to symptom reporting, self-care and glucose control in diabetes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2003;25(4):246-252.
• [15] Ludman EJ, Katon W, Russo J, Von Korff M, Simon G, Ciechanowski P, Lin E, Bush T, Walker E, Young B. Depression and diabetes symptom burden. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26(6):430-436.
• [16] Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009;190(S7):54-60.
• [17] Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020;66(5):504-511.
• [18] Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan H. Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;28:1-14.
• [19] Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361-370.
• [20] Aydemir Ö, Guvenir T, Kuey L, Kultur S. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of hospital anxiety and depression scale. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 1997;8(4):280-287.
• [21] Yalçın İ. COVID-19 Korkusu İle Ruh Sağlığı Değişkenleri Arasındaki İlişkide Koruyucu ve Risk Faktörlerinin Moderatör Etkisi. Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi Sonuç Raporu, 2020, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara (Turkish)
• [22] Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2021;19(6):1980-1988.
• [23] Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, Roger C. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5): 1729
• [24] Gashi̇ F. A research on fear of Covıd-19, anxiety and individual religiosity in kosovo society. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi. 2020;7(2):227-262. (Turkish)
• [25] Gencer N. Coronavirus (covid-19) fear of individuals during the pandemia: Çorum sample. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi. 2020;4(4):1153-1173.
• [26] Horesh D, Kapel Lev-Ari R, Hasson-Ohayon I. Risk factors for psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel:Loneliness, age, gender, and health status play an important role. Br J Health Psychol. 2020;25(4):925-933.
• [27] Fitzpatrick KM, Drawve G, Harris C. Facing new fears during the COVID-19 pandemic: The state of America’s mental health. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;75:102291.
• [28] Aljemaiah AI, Osman M, Alharbi S, Alshehri R, Aldggag EM, Aljoudi AT, Abdulghani M, Alotaibi F. Fear at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: validation of the Arabic version of the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire among Saudi based respondents. BJPsych Open. 2021;7(1):1-9.
• [29] Gökkaya VB. Economic violence against woman in Turkey. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 2011;12(2):101-112 (Turkish)
• [30] Coelho CM, Suttiwan P, Arato N, Zsido AN. On the nature of fear and anxiety triggered by COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2020;11: 581314
• [31] Newby JM, O’Moore K, Tang S, Christensen H, Faasse K. Acute mental health responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. PloS one. 2020;15(7):e0236562.
• [32] Kim AW, Nyengerai T, Mendenhall E. Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in urban South Africa: Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms. MedRxiv. 2020;1- 13.
• [33] Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF. Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3740.
• [34] Bäuerle A, Teufel M, Musche V, Weismüller B, Kohler H, Hetkamp M, et al. Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany. Journal of Public Health. 2020;42(4):672-678.
• [35] Alkhamees AA, Alrashed SA, Alzunaydi AA, Almohimeed AS, Aljohani MS. The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the general population of Saudi Arabia. Compr Psychiatry. 2020;102:152192.
• [36] Mowbray H. In Beijing, coronavirus 2019-nCoV has created a siege mentality. BMJ. 2020;368:m516.
• [37] Peng S, Lai X, Du Y, Li Y, Tian K, Gan Y. Prevalence and associated factors for depressive symptomatology in chinese adults during Covid-19 epidemic. Front Psychol. 2020;11:616723.
• [38] Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Ziaee M, Abedi F, Ziaee A, Mohajer S, Hajialibeigloo R, Nia MN, Jamei F, Mazlom SR. Uncovering psychobehavioural implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Iran. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67(6):2892-900.
• [39] Horesh D, Kapel Lev-Ari R, Hasson-Ohayon I. Risk factors for psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel: Loneliness, age, gender, and health status play an important role. Br J Health Psychol. 2020;25(4):925-933