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The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 186 - 190, 29.09.2020

Esra Tunçer , Aylin Bayındır Gümüş , Alev Keser

Abstract

Pregorexia is a condition describing women who reduce energy intake and increase exercising during pregnancy to control weight gain. Although pregorexia is not formally recognized as a medical diagnosis, the term may be considered as an eating disorder in pregnancy. Because in pregorexia as in eating disorder behaviors such as the fear of weight gain and the worry about body appearance is observed. The abnormal weight gain in pregnant women may cause adverse obstetric and fetal outcomes. Eating disorders in pregnancy may cause serious problems for both mother and infant, such as infants of small for gestational age, spontaneous abortion, microcephaly, low birth weight babies, maternal hypertension and anemia. This review aims to increase awareness about eating disorders in pregnancy, particularly pregorexia.

Keywords

Eating disorders pregnancy pregorexia strict diet

References

  • 1. Procter SB, Campbell CG. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:1099-1103.
  • 2. Harvey LB, Ricciotti HA. Nutrition for a healthy pregnancy. Am J Lifestyle Med 2014; 8:80-87.
  • 3. World Health Organization. WHO Recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. 2016. Available at https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/anc-positive-pregnancy-experience/en/. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 4. Danielewicz H, Myszczyszyn G, Debinska A, Myszkal A, Boznanski A, Hirnle L. Diet in pregnancy-more than food. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176:1573-1579.
  • 5. Lucas C, Charlton KE, Yeatman H. Nutrition advice during pregnancy: do women receive it and can health professionals provide it?. Matern Child Health J 2014; 18:2465-2478.
  • 6. Vause T, Martz P, Richard F, Gramlich L. Nutrition for healthy pregnancy outcomes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2006; 31:12-20.
  • 7. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  • 8. Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68:724-731.
  • 9. Rylander M, Brinton JT, Sabel AL, Mehler PS, Gaudiani JL. A comparison of the metabolic complications and hospital course of severe anorexia nervosa by binge-purge and restricting subtypes. Eat Disord 2017; 25:345-357.
  • 10. Smink FR, Van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2012; 14:406-414.
  • 11. Sullivan S. I’m not fat, I’m pregnant: an examination of the prevalence and causation of pregorexia in Ireland. 2010. Available at https://esource.dbs.ie/bitstream/handle/10788/137/ba_sullivan_shirley_2010.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 12. Blais MA, Becker AE, Burwell RA, Flores AT, Nussbaum KM, Greenwood DN. Pregnancy: outcome and impact on symptomatology in a cohort of eating-disordered women. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 27:140-149.
  • 13. Tiller J, Treasure J. Eating disorders precipitated by pregnancy. Eur Eat Disord Rev 1998; 6:178–187.
  • 14. Watson HJ, Von Holle A, Knoph C, Hamer RM, Torgersen L, Reichborn‐Kjennerud T. Psychosocial factors associated with bulimia nervosa during pregnancy: An internal validation study. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:654-662.
  • 15. Coker E, Abraham S. Body weight dissatisfaction before, during and after pregnancy: a comparison of women with and without eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2015; 20:71-79.
  • 16. Czech-Szczapa B, Szczapa T, Merritt TA, Wysocki J, Gadzinowski J, Ptaszyński T, Drews K. Disordered eating attitudes during pregnancy in mothers of newborns requiring Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission: a case control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28:1711-1715.
  • 17. Bjelica A, Cetkovic N, Trninic-Pjevic A, Mladenovic-Segedi L. The phenomenon of pregnancy - a psychological view. Ginekol Pol 2018; 89:102-106.
  • 18. Mathieu J. What is pregorexia?. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109:976-979.
  • 19. Orbach S. Bodies. London: Profile Books; 2009.
  • 20. Bainbridge J. Pregorexia: body image over baby?. Br J Midwifery 2008; 16:608-688.
  • 21. Hall-Flavin DK. Is pregorexia for real?. 2018. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/pregorexia/faq-20058356. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 22. Babicz-Zielińska E, Wądołowska L, Tomaszewski D. Eating disorders: problems of contemporary civilisation – a review. Pol J Food Nutr Sci 2013; 63:133-146.
  • 23. Micali N. Eating disorders and pregnancy. Psychiatry 2008; 7:191-193.
  • 24. Bee H, Boyd D. The Developing Child. 10th ed. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Education Australia; 2004.
  • 25. Eik-Nes TT, Horn J, Strohmaier S, Holmen TL, Micali N, Bjornelv S. Impact of eating disorders on obstetric outcomes in a large clinical sample: A comparison with the HUNT study. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:1134-1143.
  • 26. Koubaa S, Hallstrom T, Lindholm C, Hirschberg AL. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:255-260.
  • 27. Sollid CP, Wisborg K, Hjort J, Secher NJ. Eating disorder that was diagnosed before pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:206-210.
  • 28. Eke´us C, Lindberg L, Lindblad F, Hjern A. Birth outcomes and pregnancy complications in women with a history of anorexia nervosa. BJOG 2006; 113:925–929.
  • 29. Micali N, Simonoff E, Treasure J. Risk of major adverse perinatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190:255-259.
  • 30. Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, Suvisaari JM, Suokas JT, Gissler M. Pregnancy, obstetric, and perinatal health outcomes in eating disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211:392.e1-e8.
  • 31. Franko DL, Blais MA, Becker AE, Delinsky SS, Greenwood DN, Flores AT. Pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1461-1466.
  • 32. Watson HJ, Torgersen L, Zerwas S, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Knoph C, Stoltenberg C. Eating disorders, pregnancy, and the postpartum period: findings from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Nor Epidemiol 2014; 24:51-62.
  • 33. Easter A, Solmi F, Bye A, Taborelli E, Corfield F, Schmidt U. Antenatal and postnatal psychopathology among women with current and past eating disorders: longitudinal patterns. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2015; 23:19-27.
  • 34. Hawkins LK, Gottlieb BR. Screening for eating disorders in pregnancy: how uniform screening during a high-risk period could minimize under-recognition. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 22:390-392.
  • 35. Ward VB. Eating disorders in pregnancy. BMJ 2008; 336:93-96.
  • 36. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Pregnancy and Eating Disorders: A Professional’s Guide to Assessment and Referral. 2015. Available at https://www.nedc.com.au/assets/NEDC-Resources/NEDC-Resource-Pregnancy.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 37. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients With Eating Disorders (3rd ed.). 2006. Available at https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/eatingdisorders.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 38. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Eating disorders: recognition and treatment. 2017. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69/resources/eating-disorders-recognition-and-treatment-pdf-1837582159813. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 39. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Weight gain during pregnancy. Committee opinion no. 548. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121:210-212.
  • 40. Siega-Riz AM, Viswanathan M, Moos MK, Deierlein A, Mumford S, Knaack J. A systematic review of outcomes of maternal weight gain according to the Institute of Medicine recommendations: birthweight, fetal growth, and postpartum weight retention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201: 339.e1–e14.
  • 41. Institute of Medicine. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009.
  • 42. Castrogiovanni P. Imbesi R. The role of malnutrition during pregnancy and its effects on brain and skeletal muscle postnatal development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2017; 2:30.
  • 43. Williamson CS. Nutrition in pregnancy. Nutr Bull 2006; 31:28-59.

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 186 - 190, 29.09.2020

Esra Tunçer , Aylin Bayındır Gümüş , Alev Keser

Abstract

References

  • 1. Procter SB, Campbell CG. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:1099-1103.
  • 2. Harvey LB, Ricciotti HA. Nutrition for a healthy pregnancy. Am J Lifestyle Med 2014; 8:80-87.
  • 3. World Health Organization. WHO Recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. 2016. Available at https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/anc-positive-pregnancy-experience/en/. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 4. Danielewicz H, Myszczyszyn G, Debinska A, Myszkal A, Boznanski A, Hirnle L. Diet in pregnancy-more than food. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176:1573-1579.
  • 5. Lucas C, Charlton KE, Yeatman H. Nutrition advice during pregnancy: do women receive it and can health professionals provide it?. Matern Child Health J 2014; 18:2465-2478.
  • 6. Vause T, Martz P, Richard F, Gramlich L. Nutrition for healthy pregnancy outcomes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2006; 31:12-20.
  • 7. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  • 8. Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68:724-731.
  • 9. Rylander M, Brinton JT, Sabel AL, Mehler PS, Gaudiani JL. A comparison of the metabolic complications and hospital course of severe anorexia nervosa by binge-purge and restricting subtypes. Eat Disord 2017; 25:345-357.
  • 10. Smink FR, Van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2012; 14:406-414.
  • 11. Sullivan S. I’m not fat, I’m pregnant: an examination of the prevalence and causation of pregorexia in Ireland. 2010. Available at https://esource.dbs.ie/bitstream/handle/10788/137/ba_sullivan_shirley_2010.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 12. Blais MA, Becker AE, Burwell RA, Flores AT, Nussbaum KM, Greenwood DN. Pregnancy: outcome and impact on symptomatology in a cohort of eating-disordered women. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 27:140-149.
  • 13. Tiller J, Treasure J. Eating disorders precipitated by pregnancy. Eur Eat Disord Rev 1998; 6:178–187.
  • 14. Watson HJ, Von Holle A, Knoph C, Hamer RM, Torgersen L, Reichborn‐Kjennerud T. Psychosocial factors associated with bulimia nervosa during pregnancy: An internal validation study. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:654-662.
  • 15. Coker E, Abraham S. Body weight dissatisfaction before, during and after pregnancy: a comparison of women with and without eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2015; 20:71-79.
  • 16. Czech-Szczapa B, Szczapa T, Merritt TA, Wysocki J, Gadzinowski J, Ptaszyński T, Drews K. Disordered eating attitudes during pregnancy in mothers of newborns requiring Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission: a case control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28:1711-1715.
  • 17. Bjelica A, Cetkovic N, Trninic-Pjevic A, Mladenovic-Segedi L. The phenomenon of pregnancy - a psychological view. Ginekol Pol 2018; 89:102-106.
  • 18. Mathieu J. What is pregorexia?. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109:976-979.
  • 19. Orbach S. Bodies. London: Profile Books; 2009.
  • 20. Bainbridge J. Pregorexia: body image over baby?. Br J Midwifery 2008; 16:608-688.
  • 21. Hall-Flavin DK. Is pregorexia for real?. 2018. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/pregorexia/faq-20058356. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 22. Babicz-Zielińska E, Wądołowska L, Tomaszewski D. Eating disorders: problems of contemporary civilisation – a review. Pol J Food Nutr Sci 2013; 63:133-146.
  • 23. Micali N. Eating disorders and pregnancy. Psychiatry 2008; 7:191-193.
  • 24. Bee H, Boyd D. The Developing Child. 10th ed. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Education Australia; 2004.
  • 25. Eik-Nes TT, Horn J, Strohmaier S, Holmen TL, Micali N, Bjornelv S. Impact of eating disorders on obstetric outcomes in a large clinical sample: A comparison with the HUNT study. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:1134-1143.
  • 26. Koubaa S, Hallstrom T, Lindholm C, Hirschberg AL. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:255-260.
  • 27. Sollid CP, Wisborg K, Hjort J, Secher NJ. Eating disorder that was diagnosed before pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:206-210.
  • 28. Eke´us C, Lindberg L, Lindblad F, Hjern A. Birth outcomes and pregnancy complications in women with a history of anorexia nervosa. BJOG 2006; 113:925–929.
  • 29. Micali N, Simonoff E, Treasure J. Risk of major adverse perinatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190:255-259.
  • 30. Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, Suvisaari JM, Suokas JT, Gissler M. Pregnancy, obstetric, and perinatal health outcomes in eating disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211:392.e1-e8.
  • 31. Franko DL, Blais MA, Becker AE, Delinsky SS, Greenwood DN, Flores AT. Pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1461-1466.
  • 32. Watson HJ, Torgersen L, Zerwas S, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Knoph C, Stoltenberg C. Eating disorders, pregnancy, and the postpartum period: findings from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Nor Epidemiol 2014; 24:51-62.
  • 33. Easter A, Solmi F, Bye A, Taborelli E, Corfield F, Schmidt U. Antenatal and postnatal psychopathology among women with current and past eating disorders: longitudinal patterns. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2015; 23:19-27.
  • 34. Hawkins LK, Gottlieb BR. Screening for eating disorders in pregnancy: how uniform screening during a high-risk period could minimize under-recognition. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 22:390-392.
  • 35. Ward VB. Eating disorders in pregnancy. BMJ 2008; 336:93-96.
  • 36. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. Pregnancy and Eating Disorders: A Professional’s Guide to Assessment and Referral. 2015. Available at https://www.nedc.com.au/assets/NEDC-Resources/NEDC-Resource-Pregnancy.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 37. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients With Eating Disorders (3rd ed.). 2006. Available at https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/eatingdisorders.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 38. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Eating disorders: recognition and treatment. 2017. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69/resources/eating-disorders-recognition-and-treatment-pdf-1837582159813. Accessed January 10, 2020.
  • 39. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Weight gain during pregnancy. Committee opinion no. 548. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121:210-212.
  • 40. Siega-Riz AM, Viswanathan M, Moos MK, Deierlein A, Mumford S, Knaack J. A systematic review of outcomes of maternal weight gain according to the Institute of Medicine recommendations: birthweight, fetal growth, and postpartum weight retention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201: 339.e1–e14.
  • 41. Institute of Medicine. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009.
  • 42. Castrogiovanni P. Imbesi R. The role of malnutrition during pregnancy and its effects on brain and skeletal muscle postnatal development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2017; 2:30.
  • 43. Williamson CS. Nutrition in pregnancy. Nutr Bull 2006; 31:28-59.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Esra Tunçer 0000-0001-7151-842X

Aylin Bayındır Gümüş 0000-0002-1311-2429

Alev Keser 0000-0003-2620-6747

Publication Date September 29, 2020
Submission Date January 14, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tunçer, E., Bayındır Gümüş, A., & Keser, A. (2020). The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 10(3), 186-190. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.673306
AMA Tunçer E, Bayındır Gümüş A, Keser A. The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. September 2020;10(3):186-190. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.673306
Chicago Tunçer, Esra, Aylin Bayındır Gümüş, and Alev Keser. “The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 10, no. 3 (September 2020): 186-90. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.673306.
EndNote Tunçer E, Bayındır Gümüş A, Keser A (September 1, 2020) The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 10 3 186–190.
IEEE E. Tunçer, A. Bayındır Gümüş, and A. Keser, “The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 186–190, 2020, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.673306.
ISNAD Tunçer, Esra et al. “The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 10/3 (September 2020), 186-190. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.673306.
JAMA Tunçer E, Bayındır Gümüş A, Keser A. The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2020;10:186–190.
MLA Tunçer, Esra et al. “The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 10, no. 3, 2020, pp. 186-90, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.673306.
Vancouver Tunçer E, Bayındır Gümüş A, Keser A. The Importance of Pregorexia Awareness. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2020;10(3):186-90.
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