The Effect of Gestational Diabetes on Depression and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Pregnancy and Postpartum Period

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 323 - 330, 30.06.2022

Gülşen Işık Nuray Egelioğlu Cetişli

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.770882

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on depression and breastfeeding self-efficacy during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Obstetrics and Perinatology clinics of two university hospitals in Turkey between July 2016 and June 2017. Women were followed up two times. The first follow-up was performed face-to-face in the gestational week 34th to 38th and the second one was performed by telephone in the 8th week of the postpartum period. In the first follow-up, 104 pregnant women with GDM and 133 pregnant with non-GDM women were interviewed. In the second follow up, 30 women could not be reached in both groups. Data were collected by the Individual Description Form, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form. Descriptive statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used in the data analysis.
Results: The depression risk of mothers with GDM was found higher compared to non- GDM mothers. No significant difference was found between the depression and breastfeeding self-efficacy mean scores in the antenatal and postpartum period of women by the presence of GDM. There was no significant difference between the depression and breastfeeding self-efficacy mean scores in the antenatal and postpartum period by the presence of GDM and some confounding variables. As the breastfeeding self-efficacy level of mothers with GDM both in the antenatal and postpartum period increased, the depression risk decreased.
Conclusion: In the study, it has been concluded that GDM does not have an impact on depression and breastfeeding self-efficacy during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.

Keywords

Breastfeeding self-efficacy, depression, gestational diabetes, nursing

References

• [1] American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 2018;41:13–27.
• [2] American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. J Clin Appl Res Educ 2017;40(Supp 1):1–142.
• [3] Karuranga Suvi, Fernandes Joao da Rocha, Huang Yadi MB. IDF Diabetes Atlas. Int Diabetes Fed 2017;Eighth edition:46.
• [4] Karcaaltincaba D, Kandemir O, Yalvac S, Güvendag-Guven S, Haberal A. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and gestational impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant women evaluated by National Diabetes Data Group and Carpenter and Coustan criteria. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2009;106(3):246–249.
• [5] Ozyurt R, Asicioglu O, Gultekin T, Gungorduk K, Boran B. The Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women who were admitted to Istanbul Teaching and Research Hospital Obstetric and Gynecology Department. Jinekoloji Obstet Pediatr ve Pediatr Cerrahi Derg 2013;5(1):7–12.
• [6] Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, de Leiva A, Dunger DB, Hadden DR, Hod M, Kitzmiller JL, Kjos SL, Oats JN, Pettitt DJ, Sacks DA, Zoupas C. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007;30(Supplement 2):251– 260.
• [7] Reece AE, Homko CJ. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy. In: Gibbs RS, Karlan BY, Haney AF, Nygaard IE, editors. Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology. 10th ed. 2008. p. 246–257.
• [8] Jain A, Agarwal R, Sankar MJ, Deorari A, Paul VK. Hypocalcemia in the newborn. Indian J Pediatr 2010;77(10):1123–1128.
• [9] Üstün G. Gestasyonel diyabeti olan/olmayan kadınların emzirme durumlarının incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, T.C. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2013. (Turkish)
• [10] Finkelstein SA, Keely E, Feig DS, Tu X, Yasseen AS, Walker M. Breastfeeding in women with diabetes: lower rates despite greater rewards. A population-based study. Diabet Med 2013;30(9):1094–1101.
• [11] De Bortoli J, Amir LH. Is onset of lactation delayed in women with diabetes in pregnancy? A systematic review. Diabet Med 2016;33(1):17–24.
• [12] Haile ZT, Oza-Frank R, Azulay Chertok IR, Passen N. Association between history of gestational diabetes and exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge. J Hum Lact 2016;32(3):36– 43.
• [13] Dennis CL. Theoretical underpinnings of breastfeeding confidence: A self-efficacy framework. J Hum Lact 1999;15(3):195–201.
• [14] Aluş Tokat M. Antenatal dönemde verilen eğitimin annelerin emzirme öz-yeterlilik algısına ve emzirme başarısına etkisi. Doğum ve Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Doktora Tezi, T.C. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2009. (Turkish)
• [15] Dennis CL, Faux S. Development and psychometric testing of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale. Res Nurs Heal 1999;22(5):399–409.
• [16] Lustman PJ, Penckofer SM, Clouse RE. Recent advances in understanding depression in adults with diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2007;7(2):114–122.
• [17] Black PH. The inflammatory consequences of psychologic stress: Relationship to insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, type II. Med Hypotheses 2006;67(4):879– 891.
• [18] Byrn M, Penckofer S. The relationship between gestational diabetes and antenatal depression. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2015;44(2):246–255.
• [19] Mautner E, Greimel E, Trutnovsky G, Daghofer F, Egger JW, Lang U. Quality of life outcomes in pregnancy and postpartum complicated by hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, and preterm birth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2009;30(4):231–237.
• [20] Huang T, Rifas-Shiman SL, Ertel KA, Rich-Edwards J, Kleinman K, Gillman MW, Oken E, James-Todd T. Pregnancy hyperglycaemia and risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2015;29(4):281–289.
• [21] Natasha K, Hussain A, Khan AKA. Prevalence of depression among subjects with and without gestational diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: a hospital based study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015;14(1):64.
• [22] Haga SM, Ulleberg P, Slinning K, Kraft P, Steen TB, Staff A. A longitudinal study of postpartum depressive symptoms: Multilevel growth curve analyses of emotion regulation strategies, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and social support. Arch Womens Ment Health 2012;15(3):175–184.
• [23] Zubaran C, Foresti K. The correlation between breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal postpartum depression in southern Brazil. Sex Reprod Healthc 2013;4(1):9–15.
• [24] Pişirgen TN. Riskli gebeliklerde depresyon ve anksiyete düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 2011. (Turkish)
• [25] Erdoğan S, Nahcivan N, Esin MN. Hemşirelikte araştırma: Süreç, uygulama ve kritik. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2014. (Turkish)
• [26] Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150(6):782-786.
• [27] Murray D, Cox JL. Screening for depression during pregnancy with the edinburgh depression scale (EDDS). J Reprod Infant Psychol 1990;8(2):99–107.
• [28] Engindeniz AN, Küey L, Kültür S. Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe formu geçerlilik ve güvenirlilik çalışması. Bahar sempozyumları-1 kitabı, Psikiyatr Derneği Yayınları 1996;51–52. (Turkish)
• [29] Dennis C. The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale: Psychometric assessment of the short form. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2003;32(6):734–744.
• [30] Aluş Tokat M, Okumuş H, Dennis CL. Translation and psychometric assessment of the Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form among pregnant and postnatal women in Turkey. Midwifery 2010;26(1):101–108.
• [31] Byrn M, Pencofer S. Relationship between gestational diabetes and postpartum depression. JOGNN 2015;44:246–255.
• [32] Chertok IRA, Sherby E. Breastfeeding self-efficacy of women with and without gestational diabetes. MCN, Am J Matern Nurs 2016;41(3):173–178.
• [33] Oza-Frank R, Gunderson EP. In-hospital breastfeeding experiences among women with gestational Diabetes 2017;12(5):261–268.
• [34] Jagiello KP, Azulay Chertok IR. Women’s experiences with early breastfeeding after gestational diabetes. JOGNN 2015;44(4):500–509.
• [35] Jafari-Shobeiri M, Ghojazadeh M, Azami-Aghdash S, Naghavi Behzad M, Piri R, Pourali-Akbar Y, Nasrollah-Zadeh R, Bayat Khajeh P, Mohammadi M. Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes in Iran: A systematic review and meta analysis. Iran J Public Health 2015;44(8):1036–1044.
• [36] Rajput R, Yadav Y, Nanda S, Rajput M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus & associated risk factors at a tertiary care hospital in Haryana. Indian J Med Res 2013;137(4):728–733.
• [37] Mwanri AW, Kinabo J, Ramaiya K, Feskens EJM. Gestational diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review and metaregression on prevalence and risk factors. Trop Med Int Heal 2015;20(8):983–1002.
• [38] Leng J, Shao P, Zhang C, Tian H, Zhang F, Zhang S, Dong L, Li L, Yu Z, Chan JCN, Hu G, Yang X. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Chinese pregnant women: A prospective population-based study in Tianjin, China. PLoS One 2015;10(3):1–12.
• [39] Varela P, Spyropoulou AC, Kalogerakis Z, Vousoura E, Moraitou M, Zervas IM. Association between gestational diabetes and perinatal depressive symptoms: Evidence from a Greek cohort study. Prim Heal Care Res Dev 2017;18(5):441–447.
• [40] Zwolinska-Kloc M, Zabel M, Czajkowski K, Ostasz-Wazny J, Kokoszka A. Relations between gestational diabetes and postpartum depressive disorders and symptoms. Arch Psychiatry Psychother 2017;19(1):43–46.
• [41] Beka Q, Bowker S, Savu A, Kingston D, Johnson JA, Kaul P. Development of perinatal mental illness in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A population-based cohort study. Can J Diabetes 2018;42(4):350-355.
• [42] Hinkle SN, Buck Louis GM, Rawal S, Zhu Y, Albert PS, Zhang C. A longitudinal study of depression and gestational diabetes in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Diabetologia 2016;59(12):2594–2602.
• [43] Silverman ME, Reichenberg A, Savitz DA, Cnattingius S, Lichtenstein P, Hultman CM, Larsson H, Sandin S. The risk factors for postpartum depression: A population-based study. Depress Anxiety 2017;34(2):178–87.
• [44] Clark CE, Rasgon NL, Reed DE, Robakis TK. Depression precedes, but does not follow, gestational diabetes. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019;139(4):311-321.
• [45] Pace R, Rahme E, Da Costa D, Dasgupta K. Association between gestational diabetes mellitus and depression in parents: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10: 1827– 1838.
• [46] Damé P, Cherubini K, Goveia P, Pena G, Galliano L, Façanha C, Nunes MA. Depressive symptoms in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: The LINDA-Brazil study. J Diabetes Res 2017;1-6
• [47] Dalfra MG, Nicolucci A, Bisson T, Bonsembiante B, Lapolla A. Quality of life in pregnancy and post-partum: A study in diabetic patients. Qual Life Res 2012;21(2):291–298.
• [48] Larrabure-Torrealva GT, Martinez S, Luque-Fernandez MA, Sanchez SE, Mascaro PA, Ingar H, Castillo W, Zumaeta R, Grande M, Motta V, Pacora P, Gelaye B, Williams MA. Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus: Findings from a universal screening feasibility program in Lima, Peru. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018;18(1):1–9.
• [49] Mak JKL, Lee AH, Pham NM, Tang L, Pan X-F, Binns CW, Sun X. Gestational diabetes and postnatal depressive symptoms: A prospective cohort study in Western China. Women and Birth 2019;32(3):e427-e431.
• [50] Dennis CL, McQueen K. Does maternal postpartum depressive symptomatology influence infant feeding outcomes? 2007;96(4):590-594