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A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 799 - 804, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1005784

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of death in Malaysia and worldwide. Besides, teh current treatment which involves teh prescription of statins is found to TEMPhas several side TEMPeffects on ACS patients. Those side TEMPeffects TEMPhas guided teh author to introduce virgin coconut oil (VCO) as supplemental management of ACS. However, its benefits TEMPhas not been widely tested on humans.
Methodology: dis study examines teh use of VCO among ACS patients via a crossover trial. It seeks to ascertain teh TEMPeffect of VCO on serum lipid profile and hs-CRP level among ACS patients.
Result: VCO was found to be statistically significant in reducing serum lipid level and hs-CRP level (p<0.001). These findings measured from small to moderate Cohen’s d TEMPeffect size, thus proving teh results from dis study as statistically and clinically significant.
Conclusion: These findings suggest dat dietary intake wif saturated fatty acid (C6 to C12) can improve health condition.
Keywords: virgin coconut oil, acute coronary syndrome, saturated fatty acid, medium-chain triglycerides

Supporting Institution

UNIVERISITY OF MALAYA

Project Number

SR1217Q1043

Thanks

dis project was supported by the Malaysia Ministry of Science technology and innovation. (Ref: SR1217Q1043) total grant RM875,230.00. Special TEMPthank to the participants for generously participating and sharing their experiences throughout the duration of the study.

References

  • 1. Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2017a). Primary & Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease 2017.
  • 2. Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2017b). Management of Dyslipidaemia 2017, 5th Edition Clinical Practice Guidelines (Vol. 17, Issue July).
  • 3. Newman, C. B., Preiss, D., Tobert, J. A., Jacobson, T. A., Page, R. L., Goldstein, L. B., & Welty, F. K. (2019). Statin safety and associated adverse events: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 39(2), e38-e81
  • 4. Deichmann, R., Lavie, C., & Andrews, S. (2010). Coenzyme q10 and statin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Ochsner Journal, 10(1), 16-21.
  • 5. Qu, H., Guo, M., Chai, H., Wang, W. T., Gao, Z. Y., & Shi, D. Z. (2018). Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin‐induced myopathy: an updated meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7(19), e009835.
  • 6. Toth, P. P., Patti, A. M., Giglio, R. V., Nikolic, D., Castellino, G., Rizzo, M., & Banach, M. (2018). Management of statin intolerance in 2018: still more questions than answers. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 18(3), 157-173.
  • 7. Dela Paz, C., Jimeno, C., Sy, R., Eduardo, F., Punzalan, M. D., & dela Pena, P. (2010). The effect of virgin coconut oil on lipid profile and fasting blood sugar: A phase I clinical trial. Philippine journal of internal medicine, 48(2).
  • 8. Liau, K. M., Lee, Y. Y., Chen, C. K., & Rasool, A. H. G. (2011). An open-label pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of virgin coconut oil in reducing visceral adiposity. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2011.
  • 9. Praagman, J., Beulens, J. W., Alssema, M., Zock, P. L., Wanders, A. J., Sluijs, I., & Van Der Schouw, Y. T. (2016). The association between dietary saturated fatty acids and ischemic heart disease depends on the type and source of fatty acid in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Netherlands cohort, 2. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 103(2), 356-365.
  • 10. Vijayakumar, M., Vasudevan, D. M., Sundaram, K. R., Krishnan, S., Vaidyanathan, K., Nandakumar, S., & Mathew, N. (2016). A randomized study of coconut oil versus sunflower oil on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Indian Heart Journal, 68(4), 498-506.
  • 11. Cardoso, D. A., Moreira, A. S., de Oliveira, G. M., Luiz, R. R., & Rosa, G. (2015). A coconut extra virgin oil-rich diet increases HDL-C cholesterol and decreases waist circumference and body mass in coronary artery disease patients. Nutricion hospitalaria, 32(5), 2144-2152.
  • 12. Chinwong, S., Chinwong, D., & Mangklabruks, A. (2017). Daily consumption of virgin coconut oil increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017.
  • 13. Harris, M., Hutchins, A., & Fryda, L. (2017). The impact of virgin coconut oil and high-oleic safflower oil on body composition, lipids, and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women. Journal of medicinal food, 20(4), 345-351.
  • 14. Khaw, K. T., Sharp, S. J., Finikarides, L., Afzal, I., Lentjes, M., Luben, R., & Forouhi, N. G. (2018). Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. BMJ open, 8(3).
  • 15. American Heart Association. (2013). What your cholesterol levels mean. Retrieved from American Heart Association website: http://www. heart. org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/What-Your-Cholesterol-Levels-Mean_UCM_305562_Article. jsp.
  • 16. Marina, A. M., Che Man, Y. B., Nazimah, S. A. H., & Amin, I. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic acids of virgin coconut oil. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 60(sup2), 114-123.
  • 17. Srivastava, Y., Semwal, A. D., & Majumdar, A. (2016). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of bioactive components present in virgin coconut oil. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1164929.
  • 18. Fauzi, N. A. M., & Sarmidi, M. R. (2010). Storage Stability of α-tocopherol Extracted from Heated and Unheated Palm Oil Mesocarp. Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1).
  • 19. Yamani, M. E., Sakar, E. H., Boussakouran, A., Benali, T., & Rharrabti, Y. (2019). Antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from olive mill wastewater and their influence on virgin olive oil stability. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 7(1), 7-1.
  • 20. Kim, J., Song, H. Y., & Choi, S. J. (2018). Influence of Oxidants on the Stability of Tocopherol in Model Nanoemulsions: Role of Interfacial Membrane Organized by Nonionic Emulsifiers. Journal of Chemistry, 2018.
  • 21. Pehowich, D. J., Gomes, A. V., & Barnes, J. A. (2000). Fatty acid composition and possible health effects of coconut constituents. West Indian Medical Journal, 49(2), 128-133.
  • 22. Mensink, R. P., & World Health Organization. (2016). Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and regression analysis.
  • 23. Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2004). Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL-C oxidation. Clinical biochemistry, 37(9), 830-835. 24. Eyres, L. (2014). Coconut oil and the heart. Heart Foundation Evidence Paper.
  • 25. Ma, Z. F., & Lee, Y. Y. (2016). Virgin coconut oil and its cardiovascular health benefits. Natural Product Communications, 11(8), 1934578X1601100829.
  • 26. Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2008). Influence of virgin coconut oil on blood coagulation factors, lipid levels and LDL-C oxidation in cholesterol fed Sprague–Dawley rats. e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, 3(1), e1-e8.
  • 27. Hoak, J. C. (1997). Fatty acids in animals: thrombosis and hemostasis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 65(5), 1683S-1686S
  • 28. Hamsi, M. A., Othman, F., Das, S., Kamisah, Y., Thent, Z. C., Qodriyah, H. M. S., ... & Jaarin, K. (2015). Effect of consumption of fresh and heated virgin coconut oil on the blood pressure and inflammatory biomarkers: an experimental study in Sprague Dawley rats. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 51(1), 53-63
  • 29. Bernstein, A. M., Roizen, M. F., & Martinez, L. (2014). Purified palmitoleic acid for the reduction of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum lipids: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo controlled study. Journal of clinical lipidology, 8(6), 612-617.
Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 799 - 804, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1005784

Abstract

Project Number

SR1217Q1043

References

  • 1. Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2017a). Primary & Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease 2017.
  • 2. Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2017b). Management of Dyslipidaemia 2017, 5th Edition Clinical Practice Guidelines (Vol. 17, Issue July).
  • 3. Newman, C. B., Preiss, D., Tobert, J. A., Jacobson, T. A., Page, R. L., Goldstein, L. B., & Welty, F. K. (2019). Statin safety and associated adverse events: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 39(2), e38-e81
  • 4. Deichmann, R., Lavie, C., & Andrews, S. (2010). Coenzyme q10 and statin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Ochsner Journal, 10(1), 16-21.
  • 5. Qu, H., Guo, M., Chai, H., Wang, W. T., Gao, Z. Y., & Shi, D. Z. (2018). Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin‐induced myopathy: an updated meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7(19), e009835.
  • 6. Toth, P. P., Patti, A. M., Giglio, R. V., Nikolic, D., Castellino, G., Rizzo, M., & Banach, M. (2018). Management of statin intolerance in 2018: still more questions than answers. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 18(3), 157-173.
  • 7. Dela Paz, C., Jimeno, C., Sy, R., Eduardo, F., Punzalan, M. D., & dela Pena, P. (2010). The effect of virgin coconut oil on lipid profile and fasting blood sugar: A phase I clinical trial. Philippine journal of internal medicine, 48(2).
  • 8. Liau, K. M., Lee, Y. Y., Chen, C. K., & Rasool, A. H. G. (2011). An open-label pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of virgin coconut oil in reducing visceral adiposity. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2011.
  • 9. Praagman, J., Beulens, J. W., Alssema, M., Zock, P. L., Wanders, A. J., Sluijs, I., & Van Der Schouw, Y. T. (2016). The association between dietary saturated fatty acids and ischemic heart disease depends on the type and source of fatty acid in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Netherlands cohort, 2. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 103(2), 356-365.
  • 10. Vijayakumar, M., Vasudevan, D. M., Sundaram, K. R., Krishnan, S., Vaidyanathan, K., Nandakumar, S., & Mathew, N. (2016). A randomized study of coconut oil versus sunflower oil on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Indian Heart Journal, 68(4), 498-506.
  • 11. Cardoso, D. A., Moreira, A. S., de Oliveira, G. M., Luiz, R. R., & Rosa, G. (2015). A coconut extra virgin oil-rich diet increases HDL-C cholesterol and decreases waist circumference and body mass in coronary artery disease patients. Nutricion hospitalaria, 32(5), 2144-2152.
  • 12. Chinwong, S., Chinwong, D., & Mangklabruks, A. (2017). Daily consumption of virgin coconut oil increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017.
  • 13. Harris, M., Hutchins, A., & Fryda, L. (2017). The impact of virgin coconut oil and high-oleic safflower oil on body composition, lipids, and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women. Journal of medicinal food, 20(4), 345-351.
  • 14. Khaw, K. T., Sharp, S. J., Finikarides, L., Afzal, I., Lentjes, M., Luben, R., & Forouhi, N. G. (2018). Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. BMJ open, 8(3).
  • 15. American Heart Association. (2013). What your cholesterol levels mean. Retrieved from American Heart Association website: http://www. heart. org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/What-Your-Cholesterol-Levels-Mean_UCM_305562_Article. jsp.
  • 16. Marina, A. M., Che Man, Y. B., Nazimah, S. A. H., & Amin, I. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic acids of virgin coconut oil. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 60(sup2), 114-123.
  • 17. Srivastava, Y., Semwal, A. D., & Majumdar, A. (2016). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of bioactive components present in virgin coconut oil. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1164929.
  • 18. Fauzi, N. A. M., & Sarmidi, M. R. (2010). Storage Stability of α-tocopherol Extracted from Heated and Unheated Palm Oil Mesocarp. Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1).
  • 19. Yamani, M. E., Sakar, E. H., Boussakouran, A., Benali, T., & Rharrabti, Y. (2019). Antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from olive mill wastewater and their influence on virgin olive oil stability. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 7(1), 7-1.
  • 20. Kim, J., Song, H. Y., & Choi, S. J. (2018). Influence of Oxidants on the Stability of Tocopherol in Model Nanoemulsions: Role of Interfacial Membrane Organized by Nonionic Emulsifiers. Journal of Chemistry, 2018.
  • 21. Pehowich, D. J., Gomes, A. V., & Barnes, J. A. (2000). Fatty acid composition and possible health effects of coconut constituents. West Indian Medical Journal, 49(2), 128-133.
  • 22. Mensink, R. P., & World Health Organization. (2016). Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and regression analysis.
  • 23. Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2004). Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL-C oxidation. Clinical biochemistry, 37(9), 830-835. 24. Eyres, L. (2014). Coconut oil and the heart. Heart Foundation Evidence Paper.
  • 25. Ma, Z. F., & Lee, Y. Y. (2016). Virgin coconut oil and its cardiovascular health benefits. Natural Product Communications, 11(8), 1934578X1601100829.
  • 26. Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2008). Influence of virgin coconut oil on blood coagulation factors, lipid levels and LDL-C oxidation in cholesterol fed Sprague–Dawley rats. e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, 3(1), e1-e8.
  • 27. Hoak, J. C. (1997). Fatty acids in animals: thrombosis and hemostasis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 65(5), 1683S-1686S
  • 28. Hamsi, M. A., Othman, F., Das, S., Kamisah, Y., Thent, Z. C., Qodriyah, H. M. S., ... & Jaarin, K. (2015). Effect of consumption of fresh and heated virgin coconut oil on the blood pressure and inflammatory biomarkers: an experimental study in Sprague Dawley rats. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 51(1), 53-63
  • 29. Bernstein, A. M., Roizen, M. F., & Martinez, L. (2014). Purified palmitoleic acid for the reduction of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum lipids: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo controlled study. Journal of clinical lipidology, 8(6), 612-617.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Chong Meı Chan

Sharıfah Shafınaz Sh Abdullah 0000-0002-2216-3850

Khatıjah Lım Abdullah

Imran Zaınal Abıdın

Yap Bee Wah

Project Number SR1217Q1043
Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date October 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Meı Chan, C., Sh Abdullah, S. S., Abdullah, K. L., Zaınal Abıdın, I., et al. (2022). A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 12(4), 799-804. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1005784
AMA Meı Chan C, Sh Abdullah SS, Abdullah KL, Zaınal Abıdın I, Bee Wah Y. A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. December 2022;12(4):799-804. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1005784
Chicago Meı Chan, Chong, Sharıfah Shafınaz Sh Abdullah, Khatıjah Lım Abdullah, Imran Zaınal Abıdın, and Yap Bee Wah. “A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 2022): 799-804. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1005784.
EndNote Meı Chan C, Sh Abdullah SS, Abdullah KL, Zaınal Abıdın I, Bee Wah Y (December 1, 2022) A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12 4 799–804.
IEEE C. Meı Chan, S. S. Sh Abdullah, K. L. Abdullah, I. Zaınal Abıdın, and Y. Bee Wah, “A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 799–804, 2022, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1005784.
ISNAD Meı Chan, Chong et al. “A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12/4 (December 2022), 799-804. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1005784.
JAMA Meı Chan C, Sh Abdullah SS, Abdullah KL, Zaınal Abıdın I, Bee Wah Y. A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2022;12:799–804.
MLA Meı Chan, Chong et al. “A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 799-04, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1005784.
Vancouver Meı Chan C, Sh Abdullah SS, Abdullah KL, Zaınal Abıdın I, Bee Wah Y. A Pilot Study on the Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil On Serum Lipid Profile and HS CRP Level Among Post Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2022;12(4):799-804.

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