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Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 29 - 65, 30.12.2022

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References

  • Altınbay, D. (2020). Refraction and Low Vision Rehabilitation in Patients with Oculocutaneous Albinism. Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, 36(2), 151-157. doi:10.36351/pjo.v36i2.978Anderson, J., Lavoie, J., Merrill, K., King, R. A., Summers, C. G. (2004). Efficacy of spectacles in persons with albinism. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 8(6), 515-520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.08.008Andreassi, L., Flori, M. L., Rubegni, P. (1999). Sun and skin. Role of phototype and skin colour. Adv Exp Med Biol, 455, 469-475. Baulier, E., Diaz, A. G., Corneo, B., Farber, D. B. (2018). Generation of a human Ocular Albinism type 1 iPSC line, SEIi001-A, with a mutation in GPR143. Stem Cell Research, 33, 274-277. doi:doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.11.016Borile, S. Exclusion, Violence and Socıil Utility. The Social Role Of Children with Albinism in African Society. Brady, H., Hecke, D., Culliton, P. (1983). New instruments and products. Spectacle-mounted telescopic lenses for children. Annals of Ophthalmology, 15(3), 286-289. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Concluding observations on the initial report of Turkey (2019). Retrieved from United Nations General Assembly: https://insanhaklarimerkezi.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2021/01/18/CRPD_C_TUR_CO_1_eng__.pdfCruz-Inigo, A. E., Ladizinski, B., Sethi, A. (2011). Albinism in Africa: stigma, slaughter and awareness campaigns. Dermatologic clinics, 29(1), 79-87. Çitil, M., Üçüncü, M. K. (2018). Türkiye’de Engelli Hakları ve Engelliler Hukuku’nun Durumu. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 9(35), 233-278. Ero, I., Muscati, S., Boulanger, A.-R., Annamanthadoo, I. (2019). People with Albinism Worldwide: A Human Rights Perspective. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Albinism/Albinism_Worldwide_Report2021_EN.pdfFederico, J. R., Krishnamurthy, K. (2022). Albinism. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.Grønskov, K., Ek, J., Brondum-Nielsen, K. (2007). Oculocutaneous albinism. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2, 43. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-43Hertle, R. W. (2013). Albinism: particular attention to the ocular motor system. Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology, 20(3), 248. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.114804Jung, J.-H., Oh, E. H., Shin, J.-H., Kim, H.-S., Choi, S. Y., Choi, K.-D., . . . Choi, J.-H. (2018). Identification of a novel GPR143 mutation in X-linked ocular albinism with marked intrafamilial phenotypic variability. Journal of genetics, 97(5), 1479-1484. Kajiru, I., Nyimbi, I. (2020). The impact of myths, superstition and harmful cultural beliefs against albinism in Tanzania: A human rights perspective. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad, 23(1). doi:10.17159/1727-3781/2020/v23i0a8793 Kayupayupa, A. S. (2016). Police corruption in Tanzania and its impact on the right to life and security of person(s) with albinism. (Master-Thesis (ULG) Master-Thesis (ULG)). Universität Wien, Kisanga, P., Mbonile, M. J. (2016). Impact of Interventions of the Murder of People with Albinism in Lake Victoria a Case of Shinyanga Region. Journal of the Geographical Association of Tanzania, 37(1), 56-72. Kruijt, C. C., de Wit, G. C., Bergen, A. A., Florijn, R. J., Schalij-Delfos, N. E., van Genderen, M. M. (2018). The Phenotypic Spectrum of Albinism. Ophthalmology, 125(12), 1953-1960. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.003 Kutzbach, B. R., Summers, C. G., Holleschau, A. M., MacDonald, J. T. (2008). Neurodevelopment in children with albinism. Ophthalmology, 115(10), 1805-1808, 1808 e1801-1802. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.03.006Larson, S. (2011). Magic, mutilation, and murder: A case for granting asylum to Tanzanian nationals with albinism. Pace Int’l L. Rev. Online Companion, iii. Lekalakala, P., Khammissa, R., Kramer, B., Ayo-Yusuf, O., Lemmer, J., Feller, L. (2015). Oculocutaneous Albinism and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin of the Head and Neck in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of skin cancer, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/167847Levy, C., Khaled, M., Fisher, D. E. (2006). MITF: master regulator of melanocyte development and melanoma oncogene. Trends Mol Med, 12(9), 406-414. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.07.008Liu, S., Kuht, H. J., Moon, E. H., Maconachie, G. D., Thomas, M. G. (2020). Current and Emerging Treatments for Albinism. Survey of Ophthalmology, 66(2), 362-377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.10.007Lund, P. M., Gaigher, R. (2002). A Health Intervention Programme for Children with Albinism at a Special School in South Africa. Health Education Research, 17(3), 365-372. doi:10.1093/her/17.3.365Lund, P. M., Taylor, J. S. (2008). Lack of adequate sun protection for children with oculocutaneous albinism in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 225. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-225MacDonald, J. T., Kutzbach, B. R., Holleschau, A. M., Wyckoff, S., Summers, C. G. (2012). Reading Skills in Children and Adults with Albinism: the Role of Visual Impairment. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, 49(3), 184-188. doi:10.3928/01913913-20111101-03Manga, P., Kerr, R., Ramsay, M., Kromberg, J. G. (2013). Biology and genetics of oculocutaneous albinism and vitiligo - common pigmentation disorders in southern Africa. S Afr Med J, 103(12 Suppl 1), 984-988. doi:10.7196/samj.7046Marçon, C. R., Maia, M. (2019). Albinism: epidemiology, genetics, cutaneous characterization, psychosocial factors. An Bras Dermatol, 94(5), 503-520. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.023Mponda, K., Moser, R., Klein, G. F., Hay, R. J. (2016). Good Public Awareness about Albinism is Key to Reduced Psychiatric Distress in African People with Albinism. Journal of European Academy of Dermatology Venereolgy, 30(4), 697-698. doi:10.1111/jdv.12988Mswela, M. (2013). Evil Albino Stereotype: An Impediment to the Right to Equality. Med. L., 32, 79. Nkrumah, B. K. (2019). The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and South Africans with Albinism: A Commentary. South African Yearbook of International Law, 44(1), 1-24. Ojilere, A., Saleh, M. M. (2019). Violation of Dignity and Life: Challenges and Prospects for Women and Girls with Albinism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 4(3), 147-155. doi:10.1007/s41134-018-0085-0Scherer, D., Kumar, R. (2010). Genetics of pigmentation in skin cancer--a review. Mutat Res, 705(2), 141-153. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.06.002Schweigert, A., Lunos, S., Connett, J., Summers, C. G. (2018). Changes in refractive errors in albinism: a longitudinal study over the first decade of life. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 22(6), 462-466. SMJ., I. (2017 Nov 10). Pictures: Inside the Lives of Albinos in Tanzania. National Geographic News Ünal, B. Ö., Arslan, A. T. (2021). Albinizmli Bireylerin Karşılaştıkları Hak İhlalleri. Retrieved from https://etkiniz.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/DES_AB_493.pdfVillegas, V. M., Dı/az, L., Emanuelli, A., Izquierdo, N. J. (2010). Visual acuity and nystagmus following strabismus surgery in patients with oculocutaneous albinism. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal, 29(4).

Albinizm Temelinde Engelli/Kısıtlı Çocukların Sosyal ve Hukuki Problemleri Üzerine Değerlendirme

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 29 - 65, 30.12.2022

Abstract

Albinizm kavramının kökeni, latincede beyaz anlamına gelen, ‘albus’ kelimesidir. Özellikle cilt, saç ve gözlerde melanin sentezinin bozulduğu heterojen bir grup genetik hastalığın klinik yansımasını tanımlamak için kullanılan bir ifadedir. Toplumda en sık görülen formları, okulokutanöz albinizm olarak bir grup hastalık altında toplanmıştır. Bu bireyler ve çocuklar, cilt ve gözlerin güneş ışınlarına son derece hassas olması nedeniyle (görme problemleri, göz renginin olağan dışı görünümü, retinal problemler, kırma kusurları; beyaz cilt görünümü, güneş yanıkları, ikincil kanserler gibi) çeşitli sağlık problemlerine açıktırlar. Tüm bu problemler cilt bakımları ve uygun ekipmanlar ile en aza indirilebilmektedir ancak uygun sağlık bakımına, periyodik kontrollere, ekipmanlara ulaşamayan bireyler kendilerini korumak adına, kapalı alanlarda toplumdan izole bir hayat sürmek durumunda kalmaktadırlar. Ayrıca görünüşleri, görme problemleri ve kapalı ortama zorunlu olarak adapte olan hayat tarzları nedeniyle dışlanma, zorbalık, ayrımcılık gibi problemlere açık hale gelmekte ve ciddi psikolojik, ekonomik, sosyolojik, tıbbi veya hukuki problemlerle yüz yüze kalabilmektedirler.

Albinizm ile alakalı epidemiyolojik çalışmalar ülkemizde son derece kısıtlıdır. Birleşmiş Milletler raporları, birçok ülkede zannedilenin üzerinde bir albinizm sıklığı olabileceğini ve gerekli değerlendirmeler yapılmadığından, birçok mediko-sosyal problemin ortaya çıkabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Öte yandan mevzuatımızda albinizmli çocuklar, erişkinlerin aksine, engelli olarak kabul edilmemiştir. Mevcut düzenlemelerde uluslararası sözleşme, anayasa ve kanuna aykırı olabilecek aşırı ve orantısız kısıtlamalar bulunmaktadır. Uygulamada ise mevzuatta verilen haklarla ilgili, albinizmli bireylerin ve ilgili hekimlerin yeterince bilgilendirilmediği gözlemlenmiştir. Bilgilendirme çalışmalarının hem bakanlık düzeyinde hem de dernek düzeyinde arttırılması yerinde olur. Mevzuattaki aşırı kısıtlamaların yeniden düzenlenmesinin yanında, ilgili hakların kullanım oranlarının takibinin yapılması ve haklarını kullanmayan ailelere bu haklara ilişkin bildirim yapılması gerekmektedir.

References

  • Altınbay, D. (2020). Refraction and Low Vision Rehabilitation in Patients with Oculocutaneous Albinism. Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, 36(2), 151-157. doi:10.36351/pjo.v36i2.978Anderson, J., Lavoie, J., Merrill, K., King, R. A., Summers, C. G. (2004). Efficacy of spectacles in persons with albinism. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 8(6), 515-520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.08.008Andreassi, L., Flori, M. L., Rubegni, P. (1999). Sun and skin. Role of phototype and skin colour. Adv Exp Med Biol, 455, 469-475. Baulier, E., Diaz, A. G., Corneo, B., Farber, D. B. (2018). Generation of a human Ocular Albinism type 1 iPSC line, SEIi001-A, with a mutation in GPR143. Stem Cell Research, 33, 274-277. doi:doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.11.016Borile, S. Exclusion, Violence and Socıil Utility. The Social Role Of Children with Albinism in African Society. Brady, H., Hecke, D., Culliton, P. (1983). New instruments and products. Spectacle-mounted telescopic lenses for children. Annals of Ophthalmology, 15(3), 286-289. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Concluding observations on the initial report of Turkey (2019). Retrieved from United Nations General Assembly: https://insanhaklarimerkezi.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2021/01/18/CRPD_C_TUR_CO_1_eng__.pdfCruz-Inigo, A. E., Ladizinski, B., Sethi, A. (2011). Albinism in Africa: stigma, slaughter and awareness campaigns. Dermatologic clinics, 29(1), 79-87. Çitil, M., Üçüncü, M. K. (2018). Türkiye’de Engelli Hakları ve Engelliler Hukuku’nun Durumu. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 9(35), 233-278. Ero, I., Muscati, S., Boulanger, A.-R., Annamanthadoo, I. (2019). People with Albinism Worldwide: A Human Rights Perspective. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Albinism/Albinism_Worldwide_Report2021_EN.pdfFederico, J. R., Krishnamurthy, K. (2022). Albinism. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.Grønskov, K., Ek, J., Brondum-Nielsen, K. (2007). Oculocutaneous albinism. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2, 43. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-43Hertle, R. W. (2013). Albinism: particular attention to the ocular motor system. Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology, 20(3), 248. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.114804Jung, J.-H., Oh, E. H., Shin, J.-H., Kim, H.-S., Choi, S. Y., Choi, K.-D., . . . Choi, J.-H. (2018). Identification of a novel GPR143 mutation in X-linked ocular albinism with marked intrafamilial phenotypic variability. Journal of genetics, 97(5), 1479-1484. Kajiru, I., Nyimbi, I. (2020). The impact of myths, superstition and harmful cultural beliefs against albinism in Tanzania: A human rights perspective. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad, 23(1). doi:10.17159/1727-3781/2020/v23i0a8793 Kayupayupa, A. S. (2016). Police corruption in Tanzania and its impact on the right to life and security of person(s) with albinism. (Master-Thesis (ULG) Master-Thesis (ULG)). Universität Wien, Kisanga, P., Mbonile, M. J. (2016). Impact of Interventions of the Murder of People with Albinism in Lake Victoria a Case of Shinyanga Region. Journal of the Geographical Association of Tanzania, 37(1), 56-72. Kruijt, C. C., de Wit, G. C., Bergen, A. A., Florijn, R. J., Schalij-Delfos, N. E., van Genderen, M. M. (2018). The Phenotypic Spectrum of Albinism. Ophthalmology, 125(12), 1953-1960. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.003 Kutzbach, B. R., Summers, C. G., Holleschau, A. M., MacDonald, J. T. (2008). Neurodevelopment in children with albinism. Ophthalmology, 115(10), 1805-1808, 1808 e1801-1802. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.03.006Larson, S. (2011). Magic, mutilation, and murder: A case for granting asylum to Tanzanian nationals with albinism. Pace Int’l L. Rev. Online Companion, iii. Lekalakala, P., Khammissa, R., Kramer, B., Ayo-Yusuf, O., Lemmer, J., Feller, L. (2015). Oculocutaneous Albinism and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin of the Head and Neck in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of skin cancer, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/167847Levy, C., Khaled, M., Fisher, D. E. (2006). MITF: master regulator of melanocyte development and melanoma oncogene. Trends Mol Med, 12(9), 406-414. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.07.008Liu, S., Kuht, H. J., Moon, E. H., Maconachie, G. D., Thomas, M. G. (2020). Current and Emerging Treatments for Albinism. Survey of Ophthalmology, 66(2), 362-377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.10.007Lund, P. M., Gaigher, R. (2002). A Health Intervention Programme for Children with Albinism at a Special School in South Africa. Health Education Research, 17(3), 365-372. doi:10.1093/her/17.3.365Lund, P. M., Taylor, J. S. (2008). Lack of adequate sun protection for children with oculocutaneous albinism in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 225. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-225MacDonald, J. T., Kutzbach, B. R., Holleschau, A. M., Wyckoff, S., Summers, C. G. (2012). Reading Skills in Children and Adults with Albinism: the Role of Visual Impairment. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, 49(3), 184-188. doi:10.3928/01913913-20111101-03Manga, P., Kerr, R., Ramsay, M., Kromberg, J. G. (2013). Biology and genetics of oculocutaneous albinism and vitiligo - common pigmentation disorders in southern Africa. S Afr Med J, 103(12 Suppl 1), 984-988. doi:10.7196/samj.7046Marçon, C. R., Maia, M. (2019). Albinism: epidemiology, genetics, cutaneous characterization, psychosocial factors. An Bras Dermatol, 94(5), 503-520. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.023Mponda, K., Moser, R., Klein, G. F., Hay, R. J. (2016). Good Public Awareness about Albinism is Key to Reduced Psychiatric Distress in African People with Albinism. Journal of European Academy of Dermatology Venereolgy, 30(4), 697-698. doi:10.1111/jdv.12988Mswela, M. (2013). Evil Albino Stereotype: An Impediment to the Right to Equality. Med. L., 32, 79. Nkrumah, B. K. (2019). The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and South Africans with Albinism: A Commentary. South African Yearbook of International Law, 44(1), 1-24. Ojilere, A., Saleh, M. M. (2019). Violation of Dignity and Life: Challenges and Prospects for Women and Girls with Albinism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 4(3), 147-155. doi:10.1007/s41134-018-0085-0Scherer, D., Kumar, R. (2010). Genetics of pigmentation in skin cancer--a review. Mutat Res, 705(2), 141-153. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.06.002Schweigert, A., Lunos, S., Connett, J., Summers, C. G. (2018). Changes in refractive errors in albinism: a longitudinal study over the first decade of life. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 22(6), 462-466. SMJ., I. (2017 Nov 10). Pictures: Inside the Lives of Albinos in Tanzania. National Geographic News Ünal, B. Ö., Arslan, A. T. (2021). Albinizmli Bireylerin Karşılaştıkları Hak İhlalleri. Retrieved from https://etkiniz.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/DES_AB_493.pdfVillegas, V. M., Dı/az, L., Emanuelli, A., Izquierdo, N. J. (2010). Visual acuity and nystagmus following strabismus surgery in patients with oculocutaneous albinism. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal, 29(4).
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Studies
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Bahadır M. Samur This is me 0000-0003-3226-0504

Alperen Polat 0000-0001-9193-4658

Mehmet Canpolat This is me 0000-0002-2197-8433

Publication Date December 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Samur, B. M., Polat, A., & Canpolat, M. (2022). Albinizm Temelinde Engelli/Kısıtlı Çocukların Sosyal ve Hukuki Problemleri Üzerine Değerlendirme. Çocuk Ve Medeniyet, 7(13), 29-65.