PIEZOELECTRIC RESONANCE SENSOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AMMONIUM IN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT

Abstract

In this study, a novel ammonium biosensor based on quartz crystal microbalance QCM system for determination of ammonium ion, a reaction product of urea by urease was described. Piezoelectric quartz crystals were coated with poly lactic-co-glycolic acid PLGA; 85:15 nanofiber containing fullerene C60. Then, urease EC 3.5.1.5 was immobilized on nanofibrous electrospun PLGA membrane. The nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Changes in the resonance frequency of the PLGA/C60–coated quartz crystal were evaluated as an indicator of changes in urea concentration. The oscillating frequency decreased accordingly to the deposition of ammonium on the quartz crystal surface. Our results indicate that the PLGA/C60 nanofiber coated piezoelectric sensor exhibited ability to determine the ammonium ion in the solution

Keywords

• Quartz Crystal Microbalance,Piezoelectric Sensor,Ammonium,Resonance

Piezoelectric resonance sensor for the determination of ammonium in aqueous environment

Abstract

References

1. Ş. Şeker, and Y.M. Elçin, Quartz crystal microbalance-based biosensors. In Biological and medical sensor technologies, Iniewski, K., Ed. CRC Press, (2012) 105-124.
2. G. Sauerbrey, Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wägung dünner Schichten und zur Mikrowägung. Zeitschrift Physik, 155 (1959) 206– 212.
3. X. Zong, S. Ran, D. Fang, B.S. Hsiao, and B. Chu, Control of structure, morphology and property in electrospun poly (glycolide-co-lactide) non- woven membranes via post-draw treatments. Polymer, 44/17 (2003) 4959-4967.
4. X. Wang, B. Ding, M. Sun, J. Yu, and G. Sun, Nanofibrous polyethyleneimine membranes as sensitive coatings for quartz crystal microbalance-based formaldehyde sensors. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 144/1 (2010) 11-17.
5. B. Ding, M. Wang, X. Wang, J. Yu, G. Sun, Electrospun nanomaterials for ultrasensitive sensors. Materials Today, 13/11 (2010) 16-27.
6. P. Anilkumar, F. Lu, L. Cao, P. G. Luo, J.H. Liu, S. Sahu, K.N Tackett, Y. Wang, and Y.-P. Sun, Fullerenes for applications in biology and medicine. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 18/14 (2011) 2045-2059.
7. C.W. Chuang, and J.S. Shih, Preparation and application of immobilized C60-glucose oxidase enzyme in fullerene C60-coated piezoelectric quartz crystal glucose sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 81/1 (2001) 1-8.
8. H. Takeya, R. Kato, T. Wakahara, K.I. Miyazawa, T. Yamaguchi, T. Ozaki, H. Okazaki, and Y. Takano, Preparation and superconductivity of potassium-doped fullerene nanowhiskers, Materials Research Bulletin, 48 (2013) 343–345.

9. Ş. Şeker, Y.E. Arslan, and Y.M. Elçin, Electrospun nanofibrous PLGA/fullerene-C60 coated quartz crystal microbalance for real-time gluconic acid monitoring. IEEE Sensors Journal, 10/8 (2010) 1342-1348.
10. R.M. Beal, A. Stavrinadis, J.H. Warner, J.M. Smith, H.E. Assender, and A.A. Watt, The molecular structure of polymer−fullerene composite solar cells and its influence on device performance. Macromolecules, 43/5 (2010) 2343-2348.
11. P.R. Somani, S.P.Somani, and M. Umeno, Toward organic thick film solar cells: three dimensional bulk heterojunction organic thick film solar cell using fullerene single crystal nanorods, Applied Physics Letters, 91/17 (2007) 173503-173503.
12. C.J. Brabec, S. Gowrisanker, J.J. Halls, D. Laird, S. Jia, and S.P. Williams, Polymer–fullerene bulk‐heterojunction solar cells. Advanced Materials, 22/34 (2010) 3839-3856.
13. C.M. Lieber and Z.L. Wang, Functional nanowires, MRS Bulletin, 32/2 (2007) 99–108.
14. L.F. Wei, and J.S. Shih, Fullerene-cryptand coated piezoelectric crystal urea sensor based on urease. Analytica Chimica Acta, 437/1 (2001) 77- 85.
15. T. Alizadeh, and A. Akbari, A capacitive biosensor for ultra-trace level urea determination based on nano-sized urea-imprinted polymer receptors coated on graphite electrode surface. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 43 (2013) 321-327.
16. R.J. Zawada, P. Kwan, K.L. Olszewski, M. Llinas, and S.G. Huang, Quantitative determination of urea concentrations in cell culture medium. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 87/3 (2009) 541-544.
17. P.S. Francis, S.W. Lewis, and K.F. Lim, Analytical methodology for the determination of urea: current practice and future trends. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 21/5 (2002) 389-400.
18. K. Saeedfar, L.Y. Heng, T.L. Ling, and M. Rezayi, Potentiometric urea biosensor based on an immobilised fullerene-urease bio-conjugate. Sensors, 13/12 (2013) 16851-16866.
19. H.D. Duong, and J.I. Rhee, Development of a ratiometric fluorescent urea biosensor based on the urease immobilized onto the oxazine 170 perchlorate-ethyl cellulose membrane. Talanta, 134 (2015) 333-339.
20. W.C. Tsai, and I.C. Lin, Development of a piezoelectric immunosensor for the detection of alpha-fetoprotein. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 106/1 (2005) 455-460.