Draba verna L. (Brassicaceae/Cruciferae): A salt averse taxon

Year 2024, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 13 - 26, 14.06.2024

Gizem Saygın İnci Bahar Çınar Gül Nilhan Tuğ

https://doi.org/10.53447/communc.1386462

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to determine whether Draba verna L. (=Erophila verna (L.) Chevall. subsp. verna (L.) DC.), which is a relative of model organism Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and distributing around saline areas, is a halophyte or not and to research the salinity tolerance during germination period. D. verna seeds were germinated at distilled water and different NaCl concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 mM) at 8ºC/16ºC 12/12 h photoperiodism (light intensity 12000 lux ±%10) for 20 days. The NaCl concentrations and the germination percentages were as follows distilled water 100%, 100 mM NaCl 83%, 200 mM NaCl 2%, 300 mM NaCl 1% and no germination over 300 mM NaCl. Un-germinated seeds were taken into recovery and show 87.3% mean germination, and the ones still ungerminated were tested for viability. Increase in salinity, cause decrease in germination rate which means that D. verna is not resistant to salinity but salinity has important pressure on germination. The tolerance of D. verna seeds to salinity, although it has a wide distribution area at saline areas, is result of decrease in soil salinity during germination period. It can be concluded that D. verna is not a halophyte it is a salt avoider.

Keywords

Brassicaceae/Cruciferae, Draba verna, germination, salinity

Ethical Statement

All authors have read and approved the manuscript. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

The authors would like to thank to Prof. Dr. Ahmet Emre Yaprak and Dr. İsa Başköse for their kind help.

References

• Ungar, I.A., Ecophysiology of Vascular Halophytes, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003418269
• Almansouri, M., Kinet, J.M., Lutts, S. Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Plant and Soil, 231 (2001), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010378409663
• Keiffer, C.H., Ungar, I.A. The effect of extended exposure to hypersaline conditions on the germination of five inland halophyte species. American Journal of Botany, 84 (1) (1997), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/2445887
• Estrelles, E., Biondi, E., Galiè, M., Mainardi, F., Hurtado, A., Soriano, P. Aridity level, rainfall pattern and soil features as key factors in germination strategies in salt-affected plant communities, Journal of Arid Environments, 117 (2015), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.02.005
• Gul, B., Ansari, R., Flowers, T.J., Khan, M.A. Germination strategies of halophyte seeds under salinity, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 92 (2013), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.11.006
• Seneca, E.D. Germination response to temperature and salinity of four dune grasses from the outer banks of North Carolina, Ecology, 50 (1969), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/1934661
• Onnis, A., Bellettato, R. Dormienza e alotolleranza in due specie spontanee di Hordeum (H. murinum L. e H. marinum Huds), G. Bot. Ital, 106 (1972), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263507209426542
• Breen, C.M., Everson, C., Rogers, K. Ecological studies on Sprorobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth with particular reference to salinity and inundation, Hydrobiologia, 54 (1977), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00034987
• Dietert, M.F., Shontz, J.P. Germination ecology of a Maryland population of saltmarsh bulrush (Scirpus robustus), Estuaries, 1 (1978), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.2307/1351458
• Ungar, I. A. Halophyte seed germination, The Bot. Rev, 44 (1978), 233–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02919080
• Huiskes, A.H.L., Stienstra, A.W., Koutataal, B.P., Markusse, M.M., Van Soelen, J. Germination ecology of Salicornia dolichostachya and S. brachystacya, Acta Bot. Neerl, 34 (4) (1985), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1985.tb01943.x
• Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A. Effects of thermoperiod on recovery of seed germination of halophytes from saline conditions, Am. J. Bot, 84 (2) (1997), 279–283. https://doi.org/10.2307/2446089
• Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, San Diego, 1998
• Khan, M.A., Gul, B. High salt tolerance in germinating dimorphic seeds of Arthrocnemum indicum, International Journal of Plant Sciences, 159 (1998), 826–832. https://doi.org/10.1086/297603
• Khan, M.A., Gul, B., Weber, D.J. Temperature and high salinity effects in germinating dimorphic seeds of Atriplex rosea, Western North American Naturalist, 164 (2) (2004), 193–20.
• Sekmen, A.H., Ozdemir, F., Türkan, İ. Effects of salinity, light and temperature on seed germination in an Turkish endangered halophyte, Kalidiopsis wagenitzii (Chenopodiaceae), Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 52 (2004), 21–30.
• Wang, L., Huang, Z., Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., Dong, M. Germination of dimorphic seeds of desert annual halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae), a C4 plant without kranz anatomy, Ann. Bot, 102 (2008), 757–769. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn158
• Khan, M.A., Gul, B., Weber, D.J. Seed germination in the Great Basin halophyte Salsola iberica. Canadian Journal of Botany, 80 (2002), 650–655. https://doi.org/10.1139/b02-046
• Woodell, S.R.J. Salinity and seed germination patterns in coastal plants, Vegetatio, 61 (1985), 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00039828
• Ungar, I.A. Seed germination and seed bank ecology in halophytes. In seed development and seed germination, Edited by J. Kigel and G. Galili, Marcel Dekker, (1995), 599–628, New York. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740071-23
• Wei, Y., Dong, M., Huang, Z.Y., Tan, D.Y. Factors influencing seed germination of Salsola affinis (Chenopodiaceae) a dominant annual halophyte inhabiting the deserts of Xinjiang, China, Flora, 203 (2008), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2007.02.003
• Ungar, I.A. Effect of salinity on seed germination, growth, and ion accumulation of Atriplex patula (Chenopodiaceae). American Journal of Botany, 83 (5) (1996), 604–607. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12745.x
• Pujol, J.A., Calvo, J.F., Ramirez-Diaz, L. Recovery of germination from different osmotic conditions by four halophytes from southeastern Spain. Annals of Botany, 85 (2) (2000), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1999.1028
• Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A. Influence of salinity and temperature on the germination of Haloxylon recurvum Bunge ex. Boiss. Annals of Botany, 78 (5) (1996), 547–551. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0159
• Bojović, B., Đelić, G., Topuzović, M., Stanković, M. Effects of NaCl on seed germination in some species from families Brassicaceae and Solanaceae, Kragujevac Journal of Science, 32 (2010), 83–87.
• Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Beilstein, M.A., Kellogg, E.A. Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): An overview. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 259 (2006), 89–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0415-z
• Baskin, J.M., Baskin, C.C. The light factor in the germination ecology of Draba verna. American Journal of Botany, 59 (7) (1972), 756–759. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1972.tb10149.x
• Davis, P.H., Cullen, J., Coode, M.J.E. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1965.
• Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., Babaç, M.T. Türkiye bitkileri listesi. Damarlı Bitkiler, Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını (2012), 262.
• Khan, M.A., Ungar, I.A. The effect of salinity and temperature on the germination of polymorphic seeds and growth of Atriplex triangularis Willd. American Journal of Botany, 71 (4) (1984), 481–489. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1984.tb12533.x
• Gul, B., Weber, D.J. Effect of salinity, light, and temperature on germination in Allenrolfea occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77 (2) (1999), 240–246. https://doi.org/10.1139/b98-204
• Grabe, D.F. Tetrazolium testing handbook for agricultural seeds. Association of Official Seed Analysts, Lan- sing, 62, Michigan, USA, 1970.
• Williams, S. Reduced genetic diversity in eelgrass transplantations affects both population growth and individual fitness, Ecol Appl, 11 (2001), 1472–1488. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1472:RGDIET]2.0.CO;2.
• França-Neto, J., Krzyzanowski, F. Tetrazolium: An important test for physiological seed quality evaluation, Journal of Seed Science, 41 (2019), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n3223104
• Zhang H., Zhang G., Lü X., Zhou D., Han, X. Salt tolerance during seed germination and early seedling stages of 12 halophytes, Plant Soil, 388 (2015), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2322-3
• Emberger, L. Une classification biogéographique des climats, Rec. Trav, Faculté des sciences de Montpellier Botanique, 7 (1955), 3–43.
• Akman, Y., Climate and Bioclimate, Palme Publication, Ankara, 2010.
• Gaussen, H. Determination des climatspar la methode des courbes ambrothermiques, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L Academie Des Sciences, 240(6) (1955), 642–643.
• Terzi, H., Yıldız, M., Altuğ, Ü. Halofit Salsola crassa tohum çimlenmesi üzerine tuzluluk, sıcaklık ve ışığın etkileri, AKÜFEMÜBİD, 17 (2017), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.52763
• Moore, R.P. Interpretation of color differences in tetrazolium testing, Seed Technologist News, 44 (3) (1972), 22–24.
• Delouche, J. C. Standardization of vigor tests, Journal of Seed Technology, 1 (2) (1976), 75–85.
• Grabe, D. F. Manual do teste de tetrazólio em sementes, Brasília (1976): Agiplan.
• De Andrade Melo, L.D.F., Junior, J.L.D.A.M., Ferreira, V.M., de Araújo Neto, J.C. Viability Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) O. Kuntze. seeds by the tetrazolium test and oil content. Diversitas Journal, 5 (3) (2020), 1575–1587. https://doi.org/10.17648/diversitas-journal-v5i3-846
• Parretio-de Guzman, L.E., Zamora, O.B., Borromeo, T.H., Cruz, P.C.S. Seed Viability and Vigor Testing of Jatropha curcas L. Philippine Journal of Crop Science (PJCS), 36 (3) (2011), 10–18.
• Soriano, P., Moruno, F., Boscaiu, M., Vicente, O., Hurtado, A., Llinares, J.V., Estrelles, E. Is salinity the main ecologic factor that shapes the distribution of two endemic Mediterranean plant species of the genus Gypsophila?, Plant and Soil, 384 (2014), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2218-2
• Ungar, I.A. [Germination ecology of halophytes] In: Sen, D.N. & Rajpurohit, K.S. (Eds.). Contributions to The Ecology of Halophytes. Tasks for Vegetation Science. Vol. 2. Springer (1982), Dordrecht, 143−154. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8037-2_10
• Richards, L.A. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils (No. 60), US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1954.