Hentbolcularda Yapılan Farklı Isınma Yöntemlerinin Sürat, Çeviklik ve Sıçrama Performansına Akut Etkileri

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, farklı ısınma yöntemlerinin hentbolcularda sürat, çeviklik ve sıçrama performansları üzerindeki akut etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya 15 erkek hentbolcu (yaş: 15.86 ± 1.06 yıl; boy: 181.90 ± 6.26 cm; vücut ağırlığı: 78.18 ± 15.10 kg; vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ): 23.64 ± 4.39 kg.m-2; spor yaşı: 7.33 ± 2.05 yıl) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Oyuncular birbirini izlemeyen günlerde kontrol (germe yok), statik ve dinamik esneme olmak üzere üç farklı ısınma protokolünü uygulamışlardır. 5 dakikalık aerobik ısınmanın ardından alt ekstremiteler için üç ısınma protokolünü (kontrol, dinamik ve statik) gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Protokoller, 5 dakika aerobik ısınma, toplamda 6 dakika olacak şekilde her kas grubu için 20 saniyelik ısınma programı ve ardından sürat, çeviklik ve dikey sıçrama testlerinden oluşmuştur. Verilerin analizi SPSS 18 programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Farklı ısınma yöntemleri arasındaki anlamlılık analizi için Tekrarlı Ölçümler ANOVA testi kullanılmıştır. Gruplar arasındaki farkı bulmak için Post-Hoc Bonferroni testi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda, sürat, çeviklik ve sıçrama performans bulgularında statik ısınma grubuna göre, kontrol ve dinamik ısınma grupları arasında istatistiksel anlamda farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, hentbolculara uygulanan farklı ısınma yöntemlerinden, statik ısınma uygulamalarının sporcuların sürat, çeviklik ve sıçrama performanslarını düşürdüğünü göstermektedir. Sporculara uygulanacak sürat, çeviklik ve patlayıcı hareketler içeren sıçrama özelliklerine yönelik yapılan çalışmalar öncesinde daha iyi performans sağlamak için dinamik ısınma yöntemlerinin kullanması önerilebilir.

Keywords

• Hentbol
• Statik Isınma
• Dinamik Isınma
• Sürat
• Çeviklik
• Sıçrama

Acute Effects of Different Stretching Methods on Speed, Agility and Jumping Performance in Handball Players

Abstract

Purpose: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the acute effects of different stretching methods on the speed, agility and bounce performances of handball players. Method: The study included 15 male handball players (age: 15.86 ± 1.06 years; height: 181.90 ± 6.26 cm; weight: 78.18 ± 15.10 kg; body mass index (BMI): 23.64 ± 4.39 kg.m-2; sports age: 7.33 ± 2.05 years) participated voluntarily. The players applied three different stretching protocols: control (no stretching), static and dynamic stretching on non-consecutive days. Handball players performed three stretching protocols for the lower extremities (control, dynamic and static) after 5 minutes of aerobic stretching. The protocols consisted of a 5-minute aerobic warm-up, a 20-second warm-up program for each muscle group for a total of 6 minutes, followed by speed, agility and vertical jump tests. The analysis of data was made using SPSS 18 analysis program. The Repeated Measures ANOVA test was used for the analysis of significance between different warm-up methods. Post-Hoc Bonferroni test was applied to find the difference between the groups. Results: As a result of the study, a statistically significant difference was found between the control and dynamic stretching groups compared to the static stretching group in terms of speed, agility and jump performance (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, it was found that among the different warm-up methods applied to handball players, static warm-up practices decreased the speed, agility and jumping performances of the athletes. It can be recommended to use dynamic warm-up methods to provide better performance before the studies on speed, agility and jumping characteristics including explosive movements to be applied to athletes.

Keywords

• Handball
• Static Stretching
• Dynamic Stretching
• Speed
• Agility
• Jump

References

1. Alemdaroğlu, U., Koz, M. ve Köklü, Y. (2012). Germe egzersizlerinin performans üzerine akut etkileri. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(2), 68-76.
2. Amiri-Khorasani, M., Calleja-Gonzalez, J. ve Mogharabi-Manzari, M. (2016). Acute effect of different combined stretching methods on acceleration and speed in soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 50(1), 179-186. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0154.
3. Amiri-Khorasani, M., Sahebozamani, M., Tabrizi, K. G. ve Yusof, A. B. (2010). Acute effect of different stretching methods on Illinois agility test in soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2698-2704. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bf049c
4. Arı, Y. (2021). Effects of different stretching methods on speed, jump, flexibility and upper extremity performance in wrestlers. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 27(1), 162-176.
5. Arı, Y., Tunçel, A., Sever, O. ve Arslangörür, A. (2021). Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on jump performance of volleyball players. Education Quarterly Reviews, 4(3). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3916746
6. Atan, T. (2019). Farklı ısınma protokollerinin eklem hareket genişliği, sıçrama ve sprint performansına etkisi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 13(19), 621-635.
7. Aydın, Y., Kafkas, A., Çınarlı, F. S., Eken, Ö., Kurt, C. ve Kafkas, M. E. (2019). Acute effects of different stretching exercise protocols on some anaerobic motoric tests. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 54(2), 099-107.
8. Bandy, W. D., Irion, J. M. ve Briggler, M. (1997). The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Physical therapy, 77(10), 1090-1096.

9. Bishop, D. (2003). Warm-up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm-up on exercise performance. Sports Med, 33:439–54.
10. Bragazzi, N., Rouissi, M., Hermassi, S. ve Chamari, K. (2020). Resistance training and handball players’ isokinetic, isometric and maximal strength, muscle power and throwing ball velocity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2663.
11. Carvalho, F. L., Carvalho, M. C., Simão, R., Gomes, T. M., Costa, P. B., Neto, L. B., ... ve Dantas, E. H. (2012). Acute effects of a warm-up including active, passive, and dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(9), 2447-2452. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823f2b36
12. Ceylan, H. İ., Saygın, Ö. ve Yıldız, M. (2014). Acute effects of different warm-up procedures on 30m. sprint, slalom dribbling, vertical jump and flexibility performance in women futsal players. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 19-28. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bsd/issue/53528/712795
13. Chaouachi, A., Castagna, C., Chtara, M., Brughelli, M., Turki, O., Galy, O., ... ve Behm, D. G. (2010). Effect of warm-ups involving static or dynamic stretching on agility, sprinting, and jumping performance in trained individuals. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(8), 2001-2011. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb181
14. Cramer, J. T., Housh, T. J., Weir, J. P., Johnson, G. O., Coburn, J. W. ve Beck, T. W. (2005). The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, 530-539.
15. Faigenbaum, A. D., Bellucci, M., Bernieri, A., Bakker, B. ve Hoorens, K. (2005). Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on fitness performance in children. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(2), 376-381. Fletcher, I. M. ve Anness, R. (2007). The acute effects of combined static and dynamic stretch protocols on fifty-meter sprint performance in track-and-field athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 784-787. Fradkin, A. J., Zazryn, TR. ve Smoliga, J. M. (2010).Effects of warming up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(1), 140–148.
16. González-Ravé, J. M., Machado, L., Navarro-Valdivielso, F. ve Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2009). Acute effects of heavy-load exercises, stretching exercises, and heavy-load plus stretching exercises on squat jump and countermovement jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(2), 472-479. Gorostiaga, E. M., Granados, C., Ibáñez, J. ve Izquierdo, M. (2005). Differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity among elite and amateur male handball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(3), 225–232. Handrakis, J. P., Southard, V. N., Abreu, J. M., Aloisa, M., Doyen, M. R., Echevarria, L. M., ... ve Douris, P. C. (2010). Static stretching does not impair performance in active middle-aged adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 825-830.
17. Hernandez-Martinez, J., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Vera-Assaoka, T., Castillo-Cerda, M., Carter-Truillier, B., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., ... ve Valdés-Badilla, P. (2023). Warm-up stretching exercises and physical performance of youth soccer players. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 202. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1127669
18. Hopkins, W., Marshall, S., Batterham, A. ve Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 41(1), 3. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
19. Kara, E., Arslangörür, A., Özmutlu, İ., Hakverdi, E. (2021). İyi antrenmanlı kadın voleybol oyuncularının ivmelenme, sürat ve çeviklik performansları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 86-95.
20. Kilit, B., Arslan, E. ve Soylu, Y. (2019). Effects of different stretching methods on speed and agility performance in young tennis players. Science & Sports, 34(5), 313-320.
21. Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., Jukic, I. ve Cardinale, M. (2004). Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(3), 551-555.
22. Mascarin, N. C., Vancini, R. L., Lira, C. A. ve Andrade, M. S. (2015). Stretch-induced reductions in throwing performance are attenuated by warm-up before exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(5), 1393-1398.
23. McMillian, D. J., Moore, J. H., Hatler, B. S. ve Taylor, D. C. (2006). Dynamic vs. static-stretching warm-up: the effect on power and agility performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(3), 492-499.
24. Michalsik, L. B., Aagaard, P. ve Madsen, K. (2013). Locomotion characteristics and match-induced impairments in physical performance in male elite team handball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34, 590-599.
25. Mor, A. , Yurtseven, R. , Mor, H. ve Acar, K. (2021). 11-12 Yaş grubu futbolcularda farklı ısınma protokollerinin bazı performans parametrelerine etkisi. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 72-83. DOI: 10.33689/spormetre.907920
26. Pauole, K., Madole, K., Garhammer, J., Lacourse, M. ve Rozenek, R. (2000). Reliability and validity of the T-test as a measure of agility, leg power, and leg speed in college-aged men and women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 14(4), 443-450.
27. Polat, Ç. S., Çetin, E., Yarım, İ., Bulğay, C. ve Cicioğlu, H. İ. (2018). Effect of ballistic warm-up on isokinetic strength, balance, agility, flexibility and speed in elite freestyle wrestlers. Sport Mont, 16(3), 85-89.
28. Póvoas, S. C., Ascensão, A. A., Magalhães, J., Seabra, A. F., Krustrup, P., Soares, J. M. ve Rebelo, A. N. (2014). Analysis of fatigue development during elite male handball matches. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(9), 2640–2648.
29. Romaratezabala, E., Nakamura, F. Y., Castillo, D., Gorostegi-Anduaga, I. ve Yanci, J. (2018). Influence of warm-up duration on physical performance and psychological perceptions in handball players. Research in Sports Medicine, 26(2), 230-243.
30. Sander, A., Keiner, M., Schlumberger, A., Wirth, K. ve Schmidtbleicher, D. (2013). Effects of functional exercises in the warm-up on sprint performance The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(4), 995–1001.
31. Schilling, B. K. ve Stone, M. H. (2000). Stretching: Acute effects on strength and power performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 22(1), 44-47.
32. Taylor, J., Weston, M. ve Portas, M. (2013).The effect of a short practical warm-up protocol on repeated sprint performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(7), 2034–2038.
33. Turki, O., Chaouachi, A., Behm, D. G., Chtara, H., Chtara, M., Bishop, D., ... & Amri, M. (2012). The effect of warm-ups in corporating different volumes of dynamic stretching on 10-and 20-m sprint performance in highly trained male athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(1), 63-72. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31821ef846
34. Ürer, S. ve Kılınç, F. (2014). 15- 17 yaş grubu erkek hentbolculara üst ve alt ekstremiteye yönelik uygulanan pliometrik antrenmanların dikey sıçrama performansına ve blok üstü şut atışı isabetlilik oranına etkisinin araştırılması. İnönü Üniversitesi, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 16-38.
35. Visnapuu, M. ve Jürimäe, T. (2009). Relations of anthropometric parameters with scores on basic and specific motor tasks in young handball players. Perceptual and motor skills, 108(3), 670-676.
36. Zapartidis, I., Makroglou, V., Kepesidou, M., Milacic, A. ve Makri, A. (2018). Relationship between sprinting, change of direction and jump ability in young male athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Management, 5(1), 71-76.
37. Zapartidis, I., Toganidis, T., Vareltzis, I., Triantafillos, C., Kororos, P. ve Skoufas, D. (2009). Profile of young female handball players by playing position. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 3(2), 53–60.
38. Zmijewski, P., Lipinska, P., Czajkowska, A., Mróz, A., Kapuściński, P. ve Mazurek, K. (2020). Acute effects of a static vs. a dynamic stretching warm-up on repeated-sprint performance in female handball players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 72(1), 161-172.