A Systematic Review of the Effects of Artistic Gymnastics Training on Bone Mineral Density and Skeletal Health

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review is to identify studies examining the effects of artistic gymnastics on bone mineral density (BMD) and skeletal health, synthesize the current scientific evidence, and evaluate potential factors that may influence these effect. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, and the study selection process was guided by the PICOS criteria. The literature search included the following keywords and combinations: "exercise" or "resistance training" or "strength" or "jumping" or "hopping" and "artistic gymnasts" or "artistic gymnastics" and "mechanical loading" or "weight training" and "bone mineral density" or "bone mineral accrual" or "bone tissue" and "gymnastics and skeletal system adaptation" or "bone maturation" and "ground reaction force" or "landing" or "mount" or "dismount." A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Results: The results of the included studies (n=11) show that artistic gymnastics has positive effects on BMD, and that this effect is particularly pronounced during the growth period. It has been emphasised that preserving bone mass acquired at an early age can reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Additionally, locomotor skills and cardiorespiratory fitness levels have been found to be important variables influencing osteogenic physical activity. Conclusion: Artistic gymnastics is a form of physical activity with high osteogenic potential that not only contributes to athletic performance but also promotes both short-term bone development and long-term skeletal health. Encouraging participation in such activities during childhood and adolescence may serve as a critical public health strategy to support lifelong skeletal integrity.

Keywords

• Artistic gymnastics
• Bone mineral density
• Skeletal health
• Mechanical loading.

Artistik Cimnastik Antrenmanlarının Kemik Mineral Yoğunluğu ve İskelet Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkilerine İlişkin Sistematik Bir Derleme

Abstract

Amaç: Bu sistematik derlemenin amacı, artistik cimnastiğin kemik mineral yoğunluğu (KMY) ve iskelet sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen çalışmaları belirlemek, mevcut bilimsel kanıtları sentezlemek ve bu etkileri şekillendiren olası faktörleri değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Bu sistematik derleme PRISMA yönergeleri doğrultusunda yürütülmüş, çalışma seçiminde PICOS kriterleri kullanılmıştır. Literatür taramasında şu anahtar kelimeler ve kombinasyonları kullanılmıştır: “egzersiz” veya “direnç antrenmanı” veya “kuvvet” veya “sıçrama” veya “atlama” ve “artistik cimnastikçiler” veya “artistik cimnastik” ve “mekanik yüklenme” veya “ağırlık antrenmanı” ve “kemik mineral yoğunluğu” veya “kemik mineral birikimi” veya “kemik dokusu” ve “cimnastik ve iskelet sistemi adaptasyonu” veya “kemik olgunlaşması” ve “zemin tepki reaksiyonu” veya “iniş” veya “başlangıç” veya “bitiriş”. PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, Science Direct ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında kapsamlı tarama yapılmıştır. Dahil edilen çalışmaların metodolojik kalitesi, modifiye Downs ve Black kontrol listesi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Dahil edilen çalışmaların (n=11) sonuçları artistik cimnastiğin KMY üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğunu ve bu etkinin özellikle büyüme çağında belirginleştiğini göstermektedir. Erken yaşta kazanılan kemik kütlesinin korunarak osteoporoz riskini azaltabileceği vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, lokomotor beceriler ve kardiyorespiratuvar uygunluk düzeylerinin osteojenik fiziksel aktiviteyi etkileyen önemli değişkenler olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Artistik cimnastik, çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde hem kısa vadeli kemik gelişimini destekleyen hem de yaşam boyu iskelet sağlığına katkı sağlayan yüksek osteojenik potansiyele sahip bir egzersiz türüdür.

Keywords

• Artistik cimnastik
• Kemik mineral yoğunluğu
• İskelet sağlığı
• Mekanik yüklenme.

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