Review

Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery

Volume: 9 Number: 2026 May 4, 2026
EN TR

Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this review is to examine the mechanisms of muscle damage and fatigue in swimmers, evaluate commonly used recovery strategies, and assess the role of massage interventions in the recovery process.

Method: This study was designed as a narrative review focusing specifically on swimmers. A literature search was conducted using the keywords “muscle damage in swimmers,” “recovery,” “massage techniques,” and “performance measurements in swimming” across multiple databases, the National Thesis Center of Turkey (YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi), PubMed (NCBI), Canadian Science Publishing (NRC Research Press), ULAKBİM (National Academic Network and Information Center), EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), JSTOR (Journals, Primary Sources and Now Books) database. The most recent search was performed on March 1, 2026. The scope of the review was limited to studies conducted on swimmers. Studies involving comparable athletic populations were also included if they provided findings on muscle damage, fatigue, and recovery that are directly transferable to swimming. The inclusion criteria were defined as studies investigating exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), fatigue, or recovery strategies; studies conducted on swimmers or providing applicable findings to swimming; peer-reviewed articles and academic theses published in English or Turkish; and studies reporting outcomes related to performance, physiological responses, or perceptual recovery. Studies involving non-athletic populations, those not related to recovery or muscle damage, and publications without full-text access were excluded. Based on these criteria, a total of 31 studies were included in the review and analyzed and synthesized in terms of physiological mechanisms, recovery methods, and massage interventions.

Results: Swimming is characterized by high training volumes and repetitive upper-extremity movements, and existing evidence suggests that muscle fatigue and exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) may represent important physiological factors influencing performance and recovery. The shoulder muscles appear to be particularly susceptible to fatigue and micro-damage due to their intensive use. Muscle damage is generally associated with mechanical and metabolic stress, which has been linked to microscopic muscle fiber injury, inflammation, and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS); these responses may negatively influence swimming technique and performance parameters such as stroke length and stroke frequency. Various recovery strategies, including active recovery, cold-water immersion, adequate sleep, and nutritional interventions, have been reported to support aspects of the recovery process; however, findings across studies are not entirely consistent and may vary depending on the protocol and population. Massage interventions have been associated with improvements in subjective perceptions of recovery, reductions in muscle soreness, and enhanced athlete well-being; nevertheless, their effects on direct performance outcomes remain limited, inconsistent, and heterogeneous across the literature.

Conclusion: Integrating evidence-based recovery strategies into training programs is essential for optimizing recovery and maintaining sustainable performance in swimmers. While massage may contribute positively to perceived recovery and well-being, further research is needed to clarify its direct effects on swimming performance.

Keywords

References

  1. Arabaci, R. (2008). Acute effects of pre-event lower limb massage on explosive and high speed motor capacities and flexibility. Journal of sports science & medicine, 7(4), 549.
  2. Batista, N. P., de Carvalho, F. A., Rodrigues, C. R., Micheletti, J. K., Machado, A. F., & Pastre, C. M. (2024). Effects of post-exercise cold-water immersion on performance and perceptive outcomes of competitive adolescent swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 124(8), 2439-2450.
  3. Bender, P. U., da Luz, C. M., Feldkircher, J. M., & Nunes, G. S. (2019). Massage therapy slightly decreased pain intensity after habitual running, but had no effect on fatigue, mood or physical performance: a randomised trial. Journal of physiotherapy, 65(2), 75-80.
  4. Carvalho, F. A., Batista, N. P., Diniz, F. P., Machado, A. F., Micheletti, J. K., & Pastre, C. M. (2023). Repeated massage improves swimmers’ perceptions during training sessions but not sprint and functional performance: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1677.
  5. Dakić, M., Toskić, L., Ilić, V., Đurić, S., Dopsaj, M., & Šimenko, J. (2023). The effects of massage therapy on sport and exercise performance: a systematic review. Sports, 11(6), 110.
  6. Davis, H. L., Alabed, S., & Chico, T. J. A. (2020). Effect of sports massage on performance and recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6(1).
  7. Enoka, R. M., & Duchateau, J. (2008). Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. The Journal of physiology, 586(1), 11-23.
  8. Ferreira, R. M., Silva, R., Vigário, P., Martins, P. N., Casanova, F., Fernandes, R. J., & Sampaio, A. R. (2023). The effects of massage guns on performance and recovery: a systematic review. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 8(3), 138.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Movement Education in Sports Science

Journal Section

Review

Publication Date

May 4, 2026

Submission Date

March 16, 2026

Acceptance Date

April 18, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 2026

APA
Dilican, T. (2026). Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery. 9(2026), 284-300. https://izlik.org/JA72MJ76LA
AMA
1.Dilican T. Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery. 2026;9(2026):284-300. https://izlik.org/JA72MJ76LA
Chicago
Dilican, Tunay. 2026. Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery. 9 (2026): 284-300. https://izlik.org/JA72MJ76LA.
EndNote
Dilican T (May 1, 2026) Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery. 9 2026 284–300.
IEEE
[1]T. Dilican, “Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery”, vol. 9, no. 2026, pp. 284–300, May 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA72MJ76LA
ISNAD
Dilican, Tunay. “Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery” 9/2026 (May 1, 2026): 284-300. https://izlik.org/JA72MJ76LA.
JAMA
1.Dilican T. Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery. 2026;9:284–300.
MLA
Dilican, Tunay. Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery. no. 2026, May 2026, pp. 284-00, https://izlik.org/JA72MJ76LA.
Vancouver
1.Tunay Dilican. Muscle Damage and Fatigue Management in Swimmers: Effects of Massage Applications on Performance and Recovery [Internet]. Vols. 9. 2026 May 1;9(2026):284-300. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA72MJ76LA

For the articles to be published in 2026 in the ÇOMÜ Journal of Sports Sciences, an international, peer-reviewed journal covering studies in the field of Sports Sciences, original research and review articles written in English within the scope of the journal will be accepted.

In this context, manuscripts for the 2026 publication period may be submitted until the end of November 2026.

Kind regards,

Editor
Prof. Dr. Hürmüz KOÇ