Investigation of the Effects of Different Warm-Up Protocols on Some Performance Parameters

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 22 - 41, 15.08.2021

Murat Aydoğdu , Ahmet Atlı

Abstract

Purpose: In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of different warm-up protocols on some performance parameters.
Method: In this study, 45 licensed male basketball players aged 12-15, who participated in school sports competitions held in Tuzluca district of Iğdır province in 2020, filled out the consent form with their families and were included in the study voluntarily. Different warm-up protocols including static warm-up, dynamic warm-up, and jogging warm-up were applied to the participants. After applying different warm-up protocols, the participants' agility, flexibility, vertical jump, and speed test measurements were taken. Mean and standard deviation values were calculated for all variables. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in repeated measurements to determine the effect of different warm-up protocols on performance parameters. Bonferroni post-hoc analysis was applied to determine which warm-up protocol caused the difference. SPSS statistics program was used for all data and the confidence interval for statistical processes was accepted as p<0.05.
Results and Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, it was determined that the flexibility and vertical jump values obtained after dynamic warm-up were statistically higher than the values obtained after static warm-up and jogging warm-up (p<0.05). It was determined that the values obtained after dynamic warm-up in the speed parameter were statistically lower than the values obtained after static warm-up and jogging warm-up (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was reported in the agility values obtained after applying different warm-up protocols (p>0.05). As a result of the application of different warm-up protocols, it was determined that the highest flexibility and vertical jump values were obtained in the dynamic warm-up group among the groups. Looking at the speed values, it was determined that the dynamic warm-up group performed better than the other warm-up groups. However, there was no difference between the groups in terms of performance in agility values.

Keywords

Dynamic, Warm-Up, Jogging, Performance, Static

Farklı Isınma Protokollerinin Bazı Performans Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, farklı ısınma protokollerinin bazı performans parametreleri üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya 2020 yılında Iğdır ili Tuzluca ilçesinde gerçekleştirilen okul sporları müsabakalarına katılan 12-15 yaş aralığındaki 45 lisanslı erkek basketbol sporcusu gönüllü olarak dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılara statik ısınma, dinamik ısınma ve jogging ısınma olmak üzere farklı ısınma protokolleri uygulanmıştır. Farklı ısınma protokolleri uygulandıktan sonra
katılımcıların çeviklik, esneklik, dikey sıçrama ve sürat test ölçümleri alınmıştır. Tüm değişkenler için ortalama ve standart sapma değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Farklı ısınma protokollerinin performans parametreleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi için tekrarlı ölçümlerde tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. Farkın hangi ısınma protokolünden kaynaklandığını belirlemek amacıyla Bonferroni post-hoc analizi uygulanmıştır. Tüm işlemler için SPSS programı kullanılmış ve istatistiki işlemler için güven aralığı p<0.05 olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular ve Sonuç: Analiz sonuçlarına göre, dinamik ısınma sonrası elde edilen esneklik ve dikey sıçrama değerlerinin, statik ısınma ve jogging ısınma sonrası elde edilen değerlerden istatistiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Sürat parametresinde dinamik ısınma sonrası elde edilen değerlerin statik ısınma ve jogging ısınma sonrası elde edilen değerlerden istatistiksel olarak daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Farklı ısınma protokollerinin uygulanması sonrasında elde edilen çeviklik değerlerinde ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). Farklı ısınma protokollerinin uygulanması sonucunda gruplar arasında en yüksek esneklik ve dikey sıçrama değerlerinin dinamik ısınma grubunda elde edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Sürat değerlerine bakıldığında dinamik ısınma grubunun diğer ısınma gruplarına göre daha iyi performans gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Çeviklik değerlerinde ise gruplar arasında performans bakımından herhangi bir farka rastlanmamıştır.

Keywords

Dinamik, Isınma, Jogging, Performans, Statik

References

• Alikhajeh, Y., Rahimi, N. M., Fazeli, H., Rahimi, R. M. (2012). Differential stretching protocols during warm-up on select performance measures for elite male soccer players. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46: 1639-1643. Ayala, F., Calderón-López, A., Delgado-Gosálbez, J. C., Parra-Sánchez, S., Pomares-Noguera, C., Hernández-Sánchez, S. (2017). Acute effects of three neuromuscular warm-up strategies on several physical performance measures in football players. Plos One, 12(1).
• Bangsbo, J. (1996). Physics fitness training in football. İstanbul: Arbas Printing.
• Bompa, T. O. (2001). Plyometric for ultimate quick strength development. Ankara: Bağırgan Publisher.
• Callaghan, M. J. (1993). The role of massage in the management of the athlete: a review. J Sports Med, 27(1): 28-33.
• Chatzinikolaou, A., Draganidis, D., Avloniti, C. H., Avloniti, A., Tsoukas, D., Ermidis, G., Protopapa, M., Smilios, I., Fatouros, I. (2013). The effect of statıc streching duration on speed and agility performance. European College of Sport Science Congress; Barcelona-Spain; p. 64.
• Çoknaz, H., Yıldırım, N. Ü., Özengin, N. (2008). Effects of different stretching times on performance in artistic gymnasts. Spormetre Physical Education and Sport Sciences Journal, 6: 151-157.
• Çolak, M., Çetin, E. (2010). Effects of different warm-up protocols applied to women on range of motion and flexibility. Fırat University Health Sciences Medical Journal, 24(1), 1-8.
• Coons, J. M., Gould, C. E., Kim, J. K., Farley, R. S., Caputo, J. L. (2017). Dynamic stretching is effective as static stretching at increasing flexibility. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 1153-1161.
• Cornwell, A., Nelson, A., Heise, G., Sidaway, B. (2001). Acute effects of passive muscles on vertical jump performance. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 40: 307-324.
• Daneshjoo, A., Mokhtar, A. H., Rahnama, N., Yusof, A. (2013). Effects of FIFA 11+ and Harmoknee warm-up programs on physical performance measures of professional football players. J Sports Science Med, 12: 489-96.
• Duncan, M. J., Woodfield, L. A. (2006). Acute effects of warm up protocol on flexibility and vertical jump in children. Journal of Exercise Physiology, 9-16.
• Durukan, E., Göktepe, M., Akça, E. (2019). The effect of FIFA 11+ training program on the performance in young football players. CBU J Phys Edu Sport Sci, 14(1): 129-138.
• Eken, Ö. (2015). The acute effect of different warm-up protocols in judoists on 30-m speed, flexibility, vertical jump, strength, balance and anaerobic power performances. İzmir: Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences.
• Faigenbaum, A. D., Bellucci, M., Bernieri, A., Bakker, B., Hoorens, K. (2005). Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on fitness performance in children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2): 376-381.
• Faigenbaum, A. D., Kang, J., McFarland, J., Bloom, J. M., Magnatta, J., Ratamess, N. A., Hoffman, J. (2006). Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on anaerobic performance in teenage athletes. Pediatric Exercise Sciences, 18(1), 64-75.
• Fletcher, I. M., Jones, B. (2004). The effect of different warm-up stretches protocols on 20-meter sprint performance in trained rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(4), 885-888.
• Günay, M., Yüce, A. İ. (2008). The scientific foundations of football training. Ankara: Gazi Publisher.
• Gürses, V. V., Akgül, M. Ş. (2019). The acute effect of different stretching methods used by football players in warm-up on the performance of vertical jump, speed and agility. Spormetre Physical Education and Sport Sciences Journal, 17(1): 178-186.
• Haghshenas, R., Beydokhti, I. T., Avandi, S. M. (2014). Acute effect of different warm-up stretches protocols on vertical jump performance in volleyball players. International Journal of Sport Studies, 907-913.
• Herbert, R. D., Gabriel, M. (2002). Effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness and risk of injury: systematic review. BMJ, 325: 468.
• Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L. (2015). Physiology of sport and exercise. Human Kinetics.
• Kilding, A. E., Tunstall, H., Kuzmic, D. (2008). Suitability of FIFA’s “The 11” training programme for young football players-impact on physical performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 7(3): 320.
• Köse, B. (2014). The effect of different warm-up methods on flexibility, jumping and balance. Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Health Sciences.
• Kuter, M., Öztürk, F. (1997). Coach and athlete handbook. Bursa: Bağırgan Publisher.
• McMillian, D. J., Moore, J. H., Hatler, B. S., Taylor, D. C. (2006). Dynamic vs. static stretching warm up: the effect on power and agility performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(3), 492-499.
• Mohammadtaghi, A. K., Sahebozamani, M., Tabrizi, K. G., Yusof, A. B. (2010). Acute effect of different stretching methods on illinois agility test in soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(10): 2698-2704.
• Morrin, N., Redding, E. (2013). Acute effects of warm-up stretch protocols on balance, vertical jump height, and range of motion in dancers. J Dance Med, 17: 34-40.
• Muratlı, S., Sevim, Y. (1993). Training information. Eskişehir: Anadolu University Publication.
• Nelson, A. G., Kokkonen, J., Arnall, D. A. (2005). Acute muscle stretching inhibits muscle strength endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res, 19: 338-43.
• O’Sullivan, K., Murray, E., Sainsbury, D. (2009). The effect of warm-up: Static stretching and dynamic stretching on hamstring flexibility in previously injured subjects. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 1-9.
• Oliveira, L. D. P., Vieira, L. H. P., Aquino, R., Manechini, J. P. V., Santiago, P. R. P., Puggina, E. F. (2017). Acute effects of active ballistic, passive, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on sprint and vertical jump performance in trained young soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(8): 2199-2208.
• Özkaptan, B. M. (2006). Effects of different warm-up and stretching protocols on speed performance in children. Sakarya: Sakarya University, Institute of Social Sciences.
• Ryan, E. D., Everett, K. L., Smith, D. B., Pollner, C. (2014). Acute effects of different volumes of dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance, flexibility and muscular endurance. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 34: 485-92.
• Samson, M., Button, D. C., Chaouachi, A., Behm, D. G. (2012). Effects of dynamic and static stretching within general and activity specific warm-up protocols. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 11(2), 279.
• Sevinç, H. (2008). The effect of football skill training applied to 10-14 age group children on basic motoric properties and anthropometric parameters. Niğde: Niğde University, Institute of Social Sciences.
• Shrier, I. (1999). Stretching before exercise does not reduce the risk of local muscle injury: a critical review of the clinical and basic science literature. Clin J Sport Med. 9(4), 221-227.
• Shrier, I., Gossal, K. (2000). Myths and truths of stretching. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 28(8).
• Stamford, B. (1985). Massage for athletes. Phys Sports Med, 13: 176-178.
• Su, H., Chang, N. J., Wu, W. L., Guo, L. Y., Chu, I. H. (2017). Acute effects of foam rolling, static stretching, and dynamic stretching during warm-ups on muscular flexibility and strength in young adults. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 26(6), 469-477.
• Ünlü, S. S. (2008). Acute effect of combined warm-up applications on anaerobic power performances. Sakarya: Sakarya University, Institute of Social Sciences.
• Weerapong, P. (2005). Pre-exercise Strategies: The effect of warm up, stretching and massage on symptoms of eccentric exercise induced muscle damage and performance. New Zeland: Auckland University of Technology.
• Woolstenhulme, M. T., Griffiths, C. M., Woolstenhulme, E. M., Parcell, A. C. (2006). Ballistic stretching increases flexibility and acute vertical jump height when combined with basketball activity. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(4), 799-803.
• Yamaguchi, T., Ishii, K., Yamanaka, M., Yasuda, K. (2006). Acute effects of static stretching on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension. J Strength Cond Res, 20(4): 804-810.
• Yazıcı, G. (2018). The effect of myofascial relaxation technique on the speed and accuracy of the ball in young footballers. Bartın: Bartın University, Institute of Social Sciences.
• Yıkılmaz, A. (2019). Evaluation of the meetings related to the college of physical education in the secondary school students. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 5(4), 35-46.
• Young, W., Behm, D. (2002). Should static stretching be used during a warm up for strength and power activities? National Strength and Conditioning Journal, 24(6), 33-37.