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Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 9 - 46, 01.06.2017

Abstract

References

  • Ahmad, F. (2013). The Foreign Relations of the Young Turks, 1908-1914. Yeditepe University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Working Paper Series No. PS05.
  • Bailey, F. E. (1942) British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement, A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1826-1853, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Bayne, N and S. Woolcock (2011). What is Economic Diplomacy? In N. Bayne and S. Woolcock (Eds) The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-Making and Negotiation in International Economic Relations, Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 1-16.
  • Berkes, N. (1975) Türkiye İktisat Tarihi (Yüz Soruda) Vol. 2. İstanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi.
  • Berkes, N. (1998). The Development of Secularism in Turkey, London:Hurst & Company.
  • Blaisdell, D. C. (1966). European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire, New York: AMS Press Inc.
  • Chéradame, A. (1903). La Question d’Orient, la Macédoine, le Chemin de Fer de Bagdad, Paris: Librairie Plon.
  • Crawley, C.W. (1929). Anglo-Russian Relations 1815-1840. The Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 47-73.
  • Debidour, A. (1891). Histoire Diplomatique de L’Europe depuis L’Ouverture du Congrès de Vienne Jusqu’a la Clôture du Congrès de Berlin (1814-1878), Vol. I. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie.
  • De Kay, James E. (1833). Sketches of Turkey in 1831 and 1832 by an American, New York: J. & J. Harper.
  • Earle, E. M. (1923). Turkey, the Great Powers and the Bagdad Railway, A Study in Imperialism, New York: The MacMillan Company.
  • Engelhardt, E. (1882). La Turquie et le Tanzimat ou Histoire des Réformes dans l’Empire Ottoman depuis 1826 jusqu’a nos Jours, Paris: A. Cotillion et Cie.
  • Feis, H. (1930). Europe: The World’s Banker 1870-1914, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Gallagher, J. and R. Robinson (1953). The Imperialism of Free Trade. The Economic History Review, 6(1), 1-15.
  • Geyikdağı, N. (2011). Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations 1854-1914. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
  • Hobson, J.A. (1902). Imperialism: A Study, New York: James Pott & Company.
  • Hoffmann, K. (1966) Oelpolitik und angelsächsischer Imperialismus. In Charles Issawi (Ed) The Economic History of the Middle East 1800-1914, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 199-202.
  • Imbert, P. (1909). La Rénovation de l’Empire Ottoman: Affaires de Turquie, Paris: librairie Académique.
  • Issawi, C. (1980). The Economic History of Turkey, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • İnalcık, H. (1970). The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy. In M.A. Cook (Ed) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, pp. 207-218.
  • Karal, E. Z. (1962). Osmanlı Tarihi, Vol. VIII, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Kent, M. (1975). An Agent of Empire? The National Bank of Turkey and British Foreign Policy. The Historical Journal, 18(2), 367-389.
  • Kent, M. (1993). Moguls and Mandarins: Oil, Imperialism and the Middle East in British Foreign Policy 1900-1940, London: Frank Cass.
  • Kent, M. (1996). Great Britain and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1900-23. In Marian Kent (Ed) The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, London: Frank Cass, pp. 172-205.
  • Kostecki, M. and O. Naray (2007). Commercial Diplomacy and International Business, Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’.
  • Kurmuş, O. (1974). Emperyalizin Türkiye’ye Girişi, İstanbul: Bilim Yayınları.
  • Kütükoğlu, M. (1974). Osmanlı-İngiliz İktisadi Münasebetleri I, Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü.
  • Langer, W. L. (1965). The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890-1902, New York: Alfred. A. Knopf.
  • Lavallée, T. (1855). Histoire de L’Empire Ottoman Depuis les Temps Anciens Jusqu’à Nos Jours. Paris: Garnier Frères.
  • Lee, D. (2004). The growing influence of business in U.K. diplomacy. International Studies Perspectives, 5, 50-54.
  • Lenin, V. I. (1916/1999). Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, Sydney: Resistance Books.
  • Longrigg, S. H. (1954). Oil in the Middle East : Its Discovery and Development, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Manchester Guardian. The (25 May 1861) Cotton Growing in Turkey and Syria.
  • Manchester Guardian. The (30 September 1908) The New Turkey – Attitudes towards Enterprise.
  • McCarthy, J. (1998) Ölüm ve Sürgün “Death and Exile”, Osmanlı Müslümanlarına karşı yürütülen ulus olarak temizleme işlemi 1821-1922 (Çev. Bilge Umar), İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi.
  • McLean, D. (1976a). British Finance and Foreign Policy in Turkey: The Smyrna-Aydin Railway Settlement 1913-14. The Historical Journal, 19(2), 521-530.
  • McLean, D. (1976b). Finance and “Informal Empire” before the First World War. The Economic History Review, 29(2), 292-305.
  • Mejcher, H. (1972). Oil and British policy towards Mesopotamia, 1914-1918. Middle Eastern Studies, 8(3), 377-391.
  • Palmer, A. (1994). The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Barnes and Nobles Books.
  • Pears, E. (1912). Turkey and Its People, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
  • Pears, E. (1908). The Bagdad Railway. Contemporary Review, 94 (July/Dec.), 570-91.
  • Puryear, V.J. (1935). International Economics and Diplomacy in the Near East, 1834-1853. Stanford University Press.
  • Rodkey, F. S. (1930). Lord Palmerston and the Rejuvenation of Turkey, 1830-41. Part II: 1839-41. The Journal of Modern History, 2(2), June,193-225.
  • Ruël, H. J.M., Lee, D. and R. Visser (2013). Commercial Diplomacy and International Business: Inseparable twins? AIB Insights, 13(1), 14-17.
  • Shaw, S. J. (1971). Between Old and New: The Ottoman Empire Under Sultan Selim III, 1789-1807. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Shaw, S. J. and E. K. Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Temperley, H. (1933). British Policy towards Parliamentary Rule and Constitutionalism in Turkey (1830-1914). The Cambridge Historical Journal, 4(2), 156-91.
  • Temperley, H. (1936). England and the Near East, the Crimea. London: Longman, Green and Co.
  • Tengirşenk, Y. K. (1940). Tanzimat Devrinde Osmanlı Devletinin Harici Ticaret Siyaseti. Tanzimat I. İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası.
  • Thobie, J. (1995). Les Banques Etrangères à la Fin de l’Empire Ottoman. In J. Thobie and S. Kançal (Eds). Système Bancaire Turc et Réseaux Financiers Internationaux, Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 11-26.
  • Times, The (17 November 1858). Turkey.
  • Urquhart, D. (1833). Turkey and its Resources: Its Municipal Organization and Free Trade ; The State and Prospects of English Commerce in the East, the New Administration of Greece, Its Revenue and National Possessions, London: Saunders and Otley.
  • Velay, A. D. (1903). Essai sur L’Histoire Financière de la Turquie, Depuis le Règne du Sultan Mahmoud II Jusqu’à nos Jours, Paris: Arthur Rousseau.
  • Washburn, G. (1909). Fifty Years in Constantinople and Recollections of Robert College, Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company.

The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire

Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 9 - 46, 01.06.2017

Abstract

Commercial diplomacy, that involves the activities of diplomatic actors such as information gathering, lobbying and negotiating for the interest of their nationals in host countries, was used by the European powers to further their imperialistic goals through trade and investments. This study attempts to explain the evolution of British commercial diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire. In the earlier stage of diplomatic activities, between 1830 and 1875, British diplomacy concentrated in promoting free trade and investments that facilitated trade. After 1875, when the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire became imminent, the British government wanted to increase its economic presence in this country by considering new investments in order to make future claims on the spoils of the expected to be defunct Ottoman state.

References

  • Ahmad, F. (2013). The Foreign Relations of the Young Turks, 1908-1914. Yeditepe University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Working Paper Series No. PS05.
  • Bailey, F. E. (1942) British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement, A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1826-1853, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Bayne, N and S. Woolcock (2011). What is Economic Diplomacy? In N. Bayne and S. Woolcock (Eds) The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-Making and Negotiation in International Economic Relations, Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 1-16.
  • Berkes, N. (1975) Türkiye İktisat Tarihi (Yüz Soruda) Vol. 2. İstanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi.
  • Berkes, N. (1998). The Development of Secularism in Turkey, London:Hurst & Company.
  • Blaisdell, D. C. (1966). European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire, New York: AMS Press Inc.
  • Chéradame, A. (1903). La Question d’Orient, la Macédoine, le Chemin de Fer de Bagdad, Paris: Librairie Plon.
  • Crawley, C.W. (1929). Anglo-Russian Relations 1815-1840. The Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 47-73.
  • Debidour, A. (1891). Histoire Diplomatique de L’Europe depuis L’Ouverture du Congrès de Vienne Jusqu’a la Clôture du Congrès de Berlin (1814-1878), Vol. I. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie.
  • De Kay, James E. (1833). Sketches of Turkey in 1831 and 1832 by an American, New York: J. & J. Harper.
  • Earle, E. M. (1923). Turkey, the Great Powers and the Bagdad Railway, A Study in Imperialism, New York: The MacMillan Company.
  • Engelhardt, E. (1882). La Turquie et le Tanzimat ou Histoire des Réformes dans l’Empire Ottoman depuis 1826 jusqu’a nos Jours, Paris: A. Cotillion et Cie.
  • Feis, H. (1930). Europe: The World’s Banker 1870-1914, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Gallagher, J. and R. Robinson (1953). The Imperialism of Free Trade. The Economic History Review, 6(1), 1-15.
  • Geyikdağı, N. (2011). Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations 1854-1914. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
  • Hobson, J.A. (1902). Imperialism: A Study, New York: James Pott & Company.
  • Hoffmann, K. (1966) Oelpolitik und angelsächsischer Imperialismus. In Charles Issawi (Ed) The Economic History of the Middle East 1800-1914, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 199-202.
  • Imbert, P. (1909). La Rénovation de l’Empire Ottoman: Affaires de Turquie, Paris: librairie Académique.
  • Issawi, C. (1980). The Economic History of Turkey, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • İnalcık, H. (1970). The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy. In M.A. Cook (Ed) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, pp. 207-218.
  • Karal, E. Z. (1962). Osmanlı Tarihi, Vol. VIII, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Kent, M. (1975). An Agent of Empire? The National Bank of Turkey and British Foreign Policy. The Historical Journal, 18(2), 367-389.
  • Kent, M. (1993). Moguls and Mandarins: Oil, Imperialism and the Middle East in British Foreign Policy 1900-1940, London: Frank Cass.
  • Kent, M. (1996). Great Britain and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1900-23. In Marian Kent (Ed) The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, London: Frank Cass, pp. 172-205.
  • Kostecki, M. and O. Naray (2007). Commercial Diplomacy and International Business, Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’.
  • Kurmuş, O. (1974). Emperyalizin Türkiye’ye Girişi, İstanbul: Bilim Yayınları.
  • Kütükoğlu, M. (1974). Osmanlı-İngiliz İktisadi Münasebetleri I, Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü.
  • Langer, W. L. (1965). The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890-1902, New York: Alfred. A. Knopf.
  • Lavallée, T. (1855). Histoire de L’Empire Ottoman Depuis les Temps Anciens Jusqu’à Nos Jours. Paris: Garnier Frères.
  • Lee, D. (2004). The growing influence of business in U.K. diplomacy. International Studies Perspectives, 5, 50-54.
  • Lenin, V. I. (1916/1999). Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, Sydney: Resistance Books.
  • Longrigg, S. H. (1954). Oil in the Middle East : Its Discovery and Development, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Manchester Guardian. The (25 May 1861) Cotton Growing in Turkey and Syria.
  • Manchester Guardian. The (30 September 1908) The New Turkey – Attitudes towards Enterprise.
  • McCarthy, J. (1998) Ölüm ve Sürgün “Death and Exile”, Osmanlı Müslümanlarına karşı yürütülen ulus olarak temizleme işlemi 1821-1922 (Çev. Bilge Umar), İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi.
  • McLean, D. (1976a). British Finance and Foreign Policy in Turkey: The Smyrna-Aydin Railway Settlement 1913-14. The Historical Journal, 19(2), 521-530.
  • McLean, D. (1976b). Finance and “Informal Empire” before the First World War. The Economic History Review, 29(2), 292-305.
  • Mejcher, H. (1972). Oil and British policy towards Mesopotamia, 1914-1918. Middle Eastern Studies, 8(3), 377-391.
  • Palmer, A. (1994). The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Barnes and Nobles Books.
  • Pears, E. (1912). Turkey and Its People, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
  • Pears, E. (1908). The Bagdad Railway. Contemporary Review, 94 (July/Dec.), 570-91.
  • Puryear, V.J. (1935). International Economics and Diplomacy in the Near East, 1834-1853. Stanford University Press.
  • Rodkey, F. S. (1930). Lord Palmerston and the Rejuvenation of Turkey, 1830-41. Part II: 1839-41. The Journal of Modern History, 2(2), June,193-225.
  • Ruël, H. J.M., Lee, D. and R. Visser (2013). Commercial Diplomacy and International Business: Inseparable twins? AIB Insights, 13(1), 14-17.
  • Shaw, S. J. (1971). Between Old and New: The Ottoman Empire Under Sultan Selim III, 1789-1807. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Shaw, S. J. and E. K. Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Temperley, H. (1933). British Policy towards Parliamentary Rule and Constitutionalism in Turkey (1830-1914). The Cambridge Historical Journal, 4(2), 156-91.
  • Temperley, H. (1936). England and the Near East, the Crimea. London: Longman, Green and Co.
  • Tengirşenk, Y. K. (1940). Tanzimat Devrinde Osmanlı Devletinin Harici Ticaret Siyaseti. Tanzimat I. İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası.
  • Thobie, J. (1995). Les Banques Etrangères à la Fin de l’Empire Ottoman. In J. Thobie and S. Kançal (Eds). Système Bancaire Turc et Réseaux Financiers Internationaux, Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 11-26.
  • Times, The (17 November 1858). Turkey.
  • Urquhart, D. (1833). Turkey and its Resources: Its Municipal Organization and Free Trade ; The State and Prospects of English Commerce in the East, the New Administration of Greece, Its Revenue and National Possessions, London: Saunders and Otley.
  • Velay, A. D. (1903). Essai sur L’Histoire Financière de la Turquie, Depuis le Règne du Sultan Mahmoud II Jusqu’à nos Jours, Paris: Arthur Rousseau.
  • Washburn, G. (1909). Fifty Years in Constantinople and Recollections of Robert College, Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Necla Geyikdağı

Publication Date June 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Geyikdağı, N. (2017). The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 1(1), 9-46.
AMA Geyikdağı N. The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire. CONRESS. June 2017;1(1):9-46.
Chicago Geyikdağı, Necla. “The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 2017): 9-46.
EndNote Geyikdağı N (June 1, 2017) The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 1 1 9–46.
IEEE N. Geyikdağı, “The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire”, CONRESS, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–46, 2017.
ISNAD Geyikdağı, Necla. “The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 1/1 (June 2017), 9-46.
JAMA Geyikdağı N. The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire. CONRESS. 2017;1:9–46.
MLA Geyikdağı, Necla. “The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, 2017, pp. 9-46.
Vancouver Geyikdağı N. The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire. CONRESS. 2017;1(1):9-46.