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Türk Siyasetinde Ordu ve 15-16 Temmuz Darbe Girişimi

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 7 - 41, 03.06.2018

Abstract

1950’lerden itibaren gerçekleşen darbelerin yapıları ve
başarı veya başarısızlıklarının nedenlerine dair uluslararası akademik
literatür özetlendikten sonra, 1960’dan itibaren Türkiye politikasına askeri
müdahalelerin tarihi özetlenecektir. Takip eden iki bölüm 15-16 Temmuz 2016
tarihli darbe girişimindeki olaylara yer vererek, darbenin neden başarısız
olduğunu açıklamaya çalışacaktır. Bu olayda bazı açıklanmayan sorular özetlenecek,
karşı iddiaların kusurları tartılacaktır. Makale, herhangi bir klasik darbenin
modern Türkiye koşullarında başarılı olup olamayacağını değerlendirerek sona
ermektedir.

References

  • 1. Ordu Komutanı Orgeneral Ümit Dündar darbeyi nasıl bozdu? (2016, May 9). Akşam. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.aksam.com.tr/siyaset/umit-dundar-darbe-planini-nasil-bozdu/haber-534358
  • Axe, D. (2016, July 19). How Fighter Jets Almost Killed a President. The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-fighter-jets-almost-killed-a-president
  • Ayoob, M. (2016, July 28). The Turkish Coup Wasn’t an Inside Job. The National Interest. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/the-turkish-coup-wasnt-inside-job-17175
  • Batur, M. (1985). Anılar ve görüşler:" üç dönemin perde arkası". İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları.
  • Beauchamp, Z. (2016, July 16). Why Turkey’s coup failed, according to an expert. Vox. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.vox.com/2016/7/16/12205352/turkey-coup-failed-why
  • Be’eri, E. (1982). The waning of the military coup in Arab politics. Middle Eastern Studies, 18(1), 69–128.
  • Bell, C., & Powell, J. (2016, July 22). Turkey’s coup attempt was unusual, but not for the reasons you might expect. Washington Post. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/07/22/turkeys-coup-was-unusual-but-not-for-the-reasons-you-might-expect/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.4d3bb8b61208
  • Benli, M. H. (2017, June 3). Coup soldier ordered earlier mobilization after intel chief meeting: Indictment. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/coup-soldier-ordered-earlier-mobilization-after-intel-chief-meeting-indictment-110501
  • Birand, M. A. (1991). Shirts of Steel: an anatomy of the Turkish armed forces. London: I.B.Tauris.
  • Bozan, İ., & Günday, S. (2016, January 11). Unanswered questions on Turkey’s July 15th coup attempt. Al Jazeera Turk. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/dosya/ unanswered-questions-turkeys-july-15th-coup-attempt
  • Calabresi, M. (2016, July 19). How John Kerry Handled Turkey’s Coup. Time. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://time.com/4412495/turkey-coup-john-kerry/
  • Candar, C. (2016, July 17). Misreading of a coup attempt’. Al-Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/fr/contents/articles/originals/2016/07/turkey-military-coup-attempt-more-questions-than-answers.html
  • Coup attempt plan to pound key Turkish state buildings with high-tech device failed, testimony shows. (2016, July 10). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/coup-attempt-plan-to-pound-key-turkish-state-buildings-with-high-tech-device-failed-testimony-shows-104737
  • Demirtaş, S. (2016, July 16). Turkey-US ties face another test over Gülen after coup attempt. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-us-ties-face-another-test-over-gulen-after-coup-attempt--101701
  • Elmasry, M. (2016, July 19). Fox News’s support for Turkish coup is true to form. Middle East Eye. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/fox-news-coverage-turkey-coup-attempt-true-form-207441573
  • Evans, G. (1992, May). Interview. [Euromoney].
  • First, R. (1972). The Barrel of a Gun: political power in Africa and the coup d’état. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Fisk, R. (2016, July 16). Turkey’s coup may have failed – but history shows it won’t be long before another one succeeds. The Independent. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-coup-erdogan-ankara-istanbul-military-army-turkey-s-coup-may-have-failed-but-history-shows-a7140521.html
  • Fırat, H. (2016). 24 saat: 15 Temmuz’un kamera arkası. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
  • Fontanella-Khan, A. (2016, July 16). Fethullah Gülen: Turkey coup may have been “staged” by Erdoğan regime. The Guardian. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/fethullah-gulen-turkey-coup-erdogan
  • Friedman, U. (2014, May 23). The Thailand Exception: Are Coups a Thing of the Past? The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/05/the-thailand-exception-are-coups-a-thing-of-the-past/371523/
  • Genelkurmay Başkanı Orgeneral Akar’ın savcılık ifadesi 1-2-3-4 (Anadolu Ajansı metinleri). (2016, July 25). Al Jazeera Turk. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/sites/default/files/2016/07/25/Genelkurmay%20Bas%CC%A7kan%C4%B1%20Orgeneral%20Akar%27%C4%B1n%20savc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%20ifadesi.pdf
  • Ghannoushi, S. (2016, July 21). Why is Turkey’s Erdogan being demonised in the West? Middle East Eye. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/turkey-coup-erdogan-being-demonised-in-west-soumaya-ghannoushi-755803685
  • Hale, W. (1994). Turkish politics and the military. London: Routledge.
  • Hale, W. (1999). Turkey’s domestic political landscape: A glance at the past and the future. The International Spectator, 34(1), 27–46.
  • How they blew the coup. (2016, July 20). Al-Monitor. Retrieved from www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/07/ Turkey-coup-attempt-intelligence-agency-thwart-html
  • I told coup plotters not to spill blood: Turkish army chief. (2016, July 25). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/i-told-coup-plotters-not-to-spill-blood-turkish-army-chief--102039
  • Kingsley, P. (2016, July 18). Turkey coup: Erdoğan mourns casualties – and vows retribution. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/17/recep-tayyip-erdogan-mourns-coup-casualties-and-vows-retribution
  • Lusher, A. (2016, July 16). Turkey coup: Conspiracy theorists claim power grab attempt was faked by Erdogan. The Independent. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkey-coup-conspiracy-theory-erdogan-military-gift-from-god-soldiers-istanbul-a7140516.html
  • Luttwak, E. (2016, July 16). Why Turkey’s Coup d’État Failed. Foreign Policy. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/16/why-turkeys-coup-detat-failed-erdogan/
  • Muhalefetten darbe girişimine tepki. (2016, July 15). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.dw.com/tr/muhalefetten-darbe-giri%C5%9Fimine-tepki/a-19403866
  • Nasi, S. (2016, July 21). Turbulence in Turkish-US ties: The İncirlik crisis. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/selin-nasi/turbulence-in-turkish-us-ties-the-incirlik-crisis-101885
  • Nordlinger, E. A. (1977). Soldiers in politics: military coups and governments. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Osborne, S. (2016, July 18). Turkey coup attempt: Government had list of arrests prepared before rebellion, EU commissioner says. The Independent. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-coup-attempt-erdogan-government-arrests-military-uprising-eu-commissioner-a7142426.html
  • Özkök, E. (2017, September 3). Couldn’t the July 15 coup attempt be prevented?. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/ertugrul-ozkok/couldnt-the-july-15-coup-attempt-be-prevented-110592
  • Perlmutter, A. (1981). Political Roles and Military Rulers. London: Frank Crass.
  • Picard, E. (1988). Arab military in politics: from revolutionary plot to authoritarian state. In A. Dawisha & I. W. Zartman (Eds.), Beyond Coercion: the Durability of the Arab State. London: Croom Helm.
  • Powell, J. (2012). Determinants of the Attempting and Outcome of Coups d’état. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(6), 1017–1040.
  • Prosecutors reveal junta behind Turkey’s coup attempt. (2017, March 3). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/prosecutors-reveal-junta-behind-turkeys-coup-attempt-110431
  • Rubin, M. (2016, March 21). Could there be a coup in Turkey?. American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.aei.org/publication/could-there-be-a-coup-in-turkey/
  • Şaban Dişli’den ‘darbeci kardeş’ açıklaması. (2016, July 18). Birgün. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/saban-disli-den-darbeci-kardes-aciklamasi-120426.html
  • Şenerdem, E. (2016, July 26). Andy-Ar araştırması: Seçmen siyasetteki ılımlı havanın devamını istiyor. BBC Türkçe. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-36896251
  • Singh, N. (2014). Seizing power: The strategic logic of military coups. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Turkey coup attempt: Charges laid against 99 generals and admirals. (2016, July 20). BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36843180
  • Turkey coup plotters’ use of “amateur” app helped unveil their network. (2016, August 3). The Guardian. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/03/turkey-coup-gulen-movement-bylock-messaging-app
  • Turkey Military Strength. (2016). Global Fire Power. Retrieved from https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=turkey
  • Turkish government to move main military bases out of Ankara, Istanbul. (2016, July 29). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-government-to-move-main-military-bases-out-of-ankara-istanbul-102239
  • Turkish gov’t introduces new decree law to overhaul army. (2016, July 31). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 15, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-govt-introduces-new-decree-law-to-overhaul-army--102281
  • Yarar, M., & Bozkurt, C. (2016). Darbenin kayıp saatleri: ölmek için güzel bir gün annem. İstanbul: Destek Yayınları.

The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 7 - 41, 03.06.2018

Abstract

A few months after he returned to office in
November 1991, Turkey’s then Prime Minister, Süleyman Demirel confidently
predicted that the era of military coups in Turkey was over: ‘[F]or the time
being’, he opined, ‘neither the atmosphere of Turkey nor the atmosphere of the
world is suitable for a coup d’état’ (Evans, 1992, p. 106). Demirel’s
prediction turned out to be too optimistic, but it has to be said in his
defence that very few of the many observers of Turkish politics had expected
the traumatic events of the night of 15-16 July 2016. The AKP government
appeared to have made its peace with the generals, while President Erdoğan, in
spite of his quest for personal autocracy, retained substantial public support.
Hence, for most of us, the attempted takeover came like a bolt from the blue,
and still requires explanation. It also offered important comparisons with
previous coups in Turkey, both successful and unsuccessful, as well as with
global trends. In an attempt to address these issues this paper starts by
summarising some general theory on the nature of coups, as suggested in the
academic literature. This is followed by an outline of Turkey’s experiences
with military interventions since 1960. The next two sections, respectively,
relate the events of 15-16 July, as nearly as we currently know them, and try
to offer explanations for the failure of the coup. The final section addresses
some critical remaining questions, and speculates whether Süleyman Demirel’s
prediction has, at long last, been achieved.

References

  • 1. Ordu Komutanı Orgeneral Ümit Dündar darbeyi nasıl bozdu? (2016, May 9). Akşam. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.aksam.com.tr/siyaset/umit-dundar-darbe-planini-nasil-bozdu/haber-534358
  • Axe, D. (2016, July 19). How Fighter Jets Almost Killed a President. The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-fighter-jets-almost-killed-a-president
  • Ayoob, M. (2016, July 28). The Turkish Coup Wasn’t an Inside Job. The National Interest. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/the-turkish-coup-wasnt-inside-job-17175
  • Batur, M. (1985). Anılar ve görüşler:" üç dönemin perde arkası". İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları.
  • Beauchamp, Z. (2016, July 16). Why Turkey’s coup failed, according to an expert. Vox. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.vox.com/2016/7/16/12205352/turkey-coup-failed-why
  • Be’eri, E. (1982). The waning of the military coup in Arab politics. Middle Eastern Studies, 18(1), 69–128.
  • Bell, C., & Powell, J. (2016, July 22). Turkey’s coup attempt was unusual, but not for the reasons you might expect. Washington Post. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/07/22/turkeys-coup-was-unusual-but-not-for-the-reasons-you-might-expect/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.4d3bb8b61208
  • Benli, M. H. (2017, June 3). Coup soldier ordered earlier mobilization after intel chief meeting: Indictment. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/coup-soldier-ordered-earlier-mobilization-after-intel-chief-meeting-indictment-110501
  • Birand, M. A. (1991). Shirts of Steel: an anatomy of the Turkish armed forces. London: I.B.Tauris.
  • Bozan, İ., & Günday, S. (2016, January 11). Unanswered questions on Turkey’s July 15th coup attempt. Al Jazeera Turk. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/dosya/ unanswered-questions-turkeys-july-15th-coup-attempt
  • Calabresi, M. (2016, July 19). How John Kerry Handled Turkey’s Coup. Time. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://time.com/4412495/turkey-coup-john-kerry/
  • Candar, C. (2016, July 17). Misreading of a coup attempt’. Al-Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/fr/contents/articles/originals/2016/07/turkey-military-coup-attempt-more-questions-than-answers.html
  • Coup attempt plan to pound key Turkish state buildings with high-tech device failed, testimony shows. (2016, July 10). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/coup-attempt-plan-to-pound-key-turkish-state-buildings-with-high-tech-device-failed-testimony-shows-104737
  • Demirtaş, S. (2016, July 16). Turkey-US ties face another test over Gülen after coup attempt. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-us-ties-face-another-test-over-gulen-after-coup-attempt--101701
  • Elmasry, M. (2016, July 19). Fox News’s support for Turkish coup is true to form. Middle East Eye. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/fox-news-coverage-turkey-coup-attempt-true-form-207441573
  • Evans, G. (1992, May). Interview. [Euromoney].
  • First, R. (1972). The Barrel of a Gun: political power in Africa and the coup d’état. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Fisk, R. (2016, July 16). Turkey’s coup may have failed – but history shows it won’t be long before another one succeeds. The Independent. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/turkey-coup-erdogan-ankara-istanbul-military-army-turkey-s-coup-may-have-failed-but-history-shows-a7140521.html
  • Fırat, H. (2016). 24 saat: 15 Temmuz’un kamera arkası. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
  • Fontanella-Khan, A. (2016, July 16). Fethullah Gülen: Turkey coup may have been “staged” by Erdoğan regime. The Guardian. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/fethullah-gulen-turkey-coup-erdogan
  • Friedman, U. (2014, May 23). The Thailand Exception: Are Coups a Thing of the Past? The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/05/the-thailand-exception-are-coups-a-thing-of-the-past/371523/
  • Genelkurmay Başkanı Orgeneral Akar’ın savcılık ifadesi 1-2-3-4 (Anadolu Ajansı metinleri). (2016, July 25). Al Jazeera Turk. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/sites/default/files/2016/07/25/Genelkurmay%20Bas%CC%A7kan%C4%B1%20Orgeneral%20Akar%27%C4%B1n%20savc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%20ifadesi.pdf
  • Ghannoushi, S. (2016, July 21). Why is Turkey’s Erdogan being demonised in the West? Middle East Eye. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/turkey-coup-erdogan-being-demonised-in-west-soumaya-ghannoushi-755803685
  • Hale, W. (1994). Turkish politics and the military. London: Routledge.
  • Hale, W. (1999). Turkey’s domestic political landscape: A glance at the past and the future. The International Spectator, 34(1), 27–46.
  • How they blew the coup. (2016, July 20). Al-Monitor. Retrieved from www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/07/ Turkey-coup-attempt-intelligence-agency-thwart-html
  • I told coup plotters not to spill blood: Turkish army chief. (2016, July 25). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/i-told-coup-plotters-not-to-spill-blood-turkish-army-chief--102039
  • Kingsley, P. (2016, July 18). Turkey coup: Erdoğan mourns casualties – and vows retribution. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/17/recep-tayyip-erdogan-mourns-coup-casualties-and-vows-retribution
  • Lusher, A. (2016, July 16). Turkey coup: Conspiracy theorists claim power grab attempt was faked by Erdogan. The Independent. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkey-coup-conspiracy-theory-erdogan-military-gift-from-god-soldiers-istanbul-a7140516.html
  • Luttwak, E. (2016, July 16). Why Turkey’s Coup d’État Failed. Foreign Policy. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/16/why-turkeys-coup-detat-failed-erdogan/
  • Muhalefetten darbe girişimine tepki. (2016, July 15). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.dw.com/tr/muhalefetten-darbe-giri%C5%9Fimine-tepki/a-19403866
  • Nasi, S. (2016, July 21). Turbulence in Turkish-US ties: The İncirlik crisis. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/selin-nasi/turbulence-in-turkish-us-ties-the-incirlik-crisis-101885
  • Nordlinger, E. A. (1977). Soldiers in politics: military coups and governments. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Osborne, S. (2016, July 18). Turkey coup attempt: Government had list of arrests prepared before rebellion, EU commissioner says. The Independent. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-coup-attempt-erdogan-government-arrests-military-uprising-eu-commissioner-a7142426.html
  • Özkök, E. (2017, September 3). Couldn’t the July 15 coup attempt be prevented?. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/ertugrul-ozkok/couldnt-the-july-15-coup-attempt-be-prevented-110592
  • Perlmutter, A. (1981). Political Roles and Military Rulers. London: Frank Crass.
  • Picard, E. (1988). Arab military in politics: from revolutionary plot to authoritarian state. In A. Dawisha & I. W. Zartman (Eds.), Beyond Coercion: the Durability of the Arab State. London: Croom Helm.
  • Powell, J. (2012). Determinants of the Attempting and Outcome of Coups d’état. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(6), 1017–1040.
  • Prosecutors reveal junta behind Turkey’s coup attempt. (2017, March 3). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/prosecutors-reveal-junta-behind-turkeys-coup-attempt-110431
  • Rubin, M. (2016, March 21). Could there be a coup in Turkey?. American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.aei.org/publication/could-there-be-a-coup-in-turkey/
  • Şaban Dişli’den ‘darbeci kardeş’ açıklaması. (2016, July 18). Birgün. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from https://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/saban-disli-den-darbeci-kardes-aciklamasi-120426.html
  • Şenerdem, E. (2016, July 26). Andy-Ar araştırması: Seçmen siyasetteki ılımlı havanın devamını istiyor. BBC Türkçe. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-36896251
  • Singh, N. (2014). Seizing power: The strategic logic of military coups. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Turkey coup attempt: Charges laid against 99 generals and admirals. (2016, July 20). BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36843180
  • Turkey coup plotters’ use of “amateur” app helped unveil their network. (2016, August 3). The Guardian. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/03/turkey-coup-gulen-movement-bylock-messaging-app
  • Turkey Military Strength. (2016). Global Fire Power. Retrieved from https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=turkey
  • Turkish government to move main military bases out of Ankara, Istanbul. (2016, July 29). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 8, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-government-to-move-main-military-bases-out-of-ankara-istanbul-102239
  • Turkish gov’t introduces new decree law to overhaul army. (2016, July 31). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved May 15, 2018, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-govt-introduces-new-decree-law-to-overhaul-army--102281
  • Yarar, M., & Bozkurt, C. (2016). Darbenin kayıp saatleri: ölmek için güzel bir gün annem. İstanbul: Destek Yayınları.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

William Hale This is me

Publication Date June 3, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Hale, W. (2018). The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 2(1), 7-41.
AMA Hale W. The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016. CONRESS. June 2018;2(1):7-41.
Chicago Hale, William. “The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 2018): 7-41.
EndNote Hale W (June 1, 2018) The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 2 1 7–41.
IEEE W. Hale, “The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016”, CONRESS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–41, 2018.
ISNAD Hale, William. “The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 2/1 (June 2018), 7-41.
JAMA Hale W. The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016. CONRESS. 2018;2:7–41.
MLA Hale, William. “The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, 2018, pp. 7-41.
Vancouver Hale W. The Turkish Military in Politics, and the Attempted Coup of 15-16 July 2016. CONRESS. 2018;2(1):7-41.