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PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES

Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 263 - 282, 13.02.2020

Elçin Kürşat Coşkun Yeşim Ahlers

Abstract

Çocuk mülteciler, yetişkinlere kıyasla iltica sebebiyle çok daha ağır etkilenirler. Kendi ülkelerinde, kaçış esnasında ve daha sonar da iltica ettikleri ülkelede yaşadıkları köklerinden kopma ve tarvmalar göçten 12 yıl sonraya kadar ağır duygusal sorunlara, depresyon, üzgüntü, korku ve travma sonrası stress semptomlarına (agresyon, şiddete meyil, intihar, kabuslar, uyku bozuklukları ve odaklanamama sorunları) sebep olabilmektedir.

Keywords

trauma unaccompanied refugee children trafficking PTSD depression anxiety

References

  • References
  • Ackerman, L. K. (1997). Health problems of refugees. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 10(5), 337-348.
  • Ajdukovic M, Ajdukovic D. Psychological well-being of refugee children. Child Abuse Negl 1993;17:843-54.
  • Ajdukovic, M. (1998). Displaced adolescents in Croatia: Sources of stress and posttraumatic stress reaction. Adolescence, 33, 209−217.
  • Alexandridis, A., & Dalkıran, M. (2017, March). Routes Change, Migration Persists: The Effects of EU Policy on Migratory Routes. In Al Sharq Forum Research Papers (Vol. 28). Retrieved from http://sharqforum.org/2017/03/28/routes-change-migration-persists-theeffects-of-eu-policy-on-migratory-routes/
  • Almqvist, K., & Broberg, A. G. (1999). Mental health and social adjustment in young refugee children y 3½ years after their arrival in Sweden. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(6), 723-730.
  • Baker, N. G. (1982). Substitute care for unaccompanied refugee minors. Child Welfare, 61, 353−363.
  • Beers, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(3), 483–486.
  • Bhabha, J., & Young, W. (1999). Not adults in miniature: Unaccompanied child asylum seekers and the new US guidelines. Int'l J. Refugee L., 11, 84.
  • Bruce, B. (2001). Toward mediating the impact of forced migration and displacement among children affected by armed conflict.Journal of International Affairs, 55, 35−58.
  • Burnett, A., & Peel, M. (2001). Asylum seekers and refugees in Britain: Health needs of asylum seekers and refugees. British Medical Journal, 322, 544−547.
  • Chak, F. M. (2018). Europe's Dystopia: The Exploitation of Unaccompanied and Separated Child Refugees. Policy Perspectives, 15(3), 7-28.
  • Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., Schuyten, G., & De Temmerman, E. (2004). Post-traumatic stress in former Ugandan child soldiers. Lancet, 363, 861−863.
  • Derluyn, I., & Broekaert, E. (2008). Unaccompanied refugee children and adolescents: The glaring contrast between a legal and a psychological perspective. International journal of law and psychiatry, 31(4), 319-330.
  • Dimitropolous, S. (2017, March 23). “The Sophisticated Smuggling Routes Bringing Refugees to Europe,” in Vice News Retrieved from https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/aea5n4/thesophisticated-smuggling-routes-bringing-refugees-into-greece
  • Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Raundalen, M. (2002). Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study. Journal of traumatic stress, 15(1), 59-68.
  • Dyregrov, A., & Yule, W. (2006). A review of PTSD in children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 11(4), 176-184.
  • Eitinger, L. (1983). Psychiatric Symptomatology in Refugees. In: Boroffka, A. & Pfeiffer, W. (Hg.) Fragen der transkulturellvergleichenden Psychiatrie in Europa. Pp.226-236.
  • Erikson, E. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
  • Fantino, A. M., & Colak, A. (2001). Refugee children in Canada: Searching for identity. Child Welfare, 80, 587−596.
  • Fazel, M., & Stein, A. (2002). The mental health of refugee children. Archives of disease in childhood, 87(5), 366-370.
  • Ferenci, B. (2001). Separated refugee children in Austria. International Journal of Refugee Law, 12, 525−547.
  • Fischer, G., & Riedesser, P. (2003). Lehrbuch der psychotraumatologie. München: Reinhardt.
  • Fox, P. G., Cowell, M. J., & Montgomery, A. C. (1994). The effects of violence on health and adjustment of Southeast Asian refugee children: An integrative review. Public Health Nursing, 11, 195−201.
  • Frontex Online. (August 11, 2017).Retrieved from http://frontex.europa.eu/trendsand-routes/central-mediterranean-route/
  • Gold, S. J. (1992). Mental health and illness in Vietnamese refugees. Western Journal of Medicine, 157(3), 290.
  • Henley, J., & Robinson, J. (2011). Mental health issues among refugee children and adolescents. Clinical Psychologist, 15(2), 51–62.
  • Hicks, R., Lalonde, R. N., & Pepler, D. (1993). Psychosocial considerations in the mental health of immigrant and refugee children. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 12, 71−87.
  • Hodes, M. (1998). Refugee children. British Medical Journal, 316, 490−495.
  • Hubbard, J., Realmuto, G. M., Northwood, A. K., & Masten, A. S. (1995). Comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses with post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of childhood trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1167−1173.
  • Ingleby, D. (2005). Editor's introduction. In D. Ingleby (Ed.), Forced migration and mental health. Rethinking the care of refugees and displaced persons (pp. 1−28). New York: Springer.
  • IOM (August 4, 2017) “Mediterranean Migrant Arrivals” Relief Web Online Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/report/italy/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-reach-115109- 2017-2397-deaths
  • Jabbar, S. A., & Zaza, H. I. (2019). Post-traumatic Stress and Depression (PSTD) and general anxiety among Iraqi refugee children: a case study from Jordan. Early Child Development and Care, 189(7), 1114-1134.
  • Gerretsen, I. (2017, April 19). “Child Refugees Forced to Sell their Bodies to Enter Europe,” in Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/child-refugees-europe-refugeecrisis-sexual-exploitation-greece-harvard-585976
  • Halvorsen, K. (2002). Separated children seeking asylum: The most vulnerable of all. Forced Migration Review, 12, 34–36.
  • Hunter, A. (2001). Between the domestic and the international: The role of the European Union in providing protection for unaccompanied refugee children in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Migration and Law, 3, 383−410.
  • Jaycox, L. H., Stein, B. D., Kataoka, S. H., Wong, M., Fink, A., Escudero, P., et al. (2002). Violence exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depressive symptoms among recent immigrant schoolchildren. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1104−1110.
  • Jones, L. (1998). Adolescent groups for encamped Bosnian refugees: Some problems and solutions. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 3, 541−551
  • Kaplan, I., Stolk, Y., Valibhoy, M., Tucker, A., & Baker, J. (2016). Cognitive assessment of refugee children: Effects of trauma and new language acquisition. Transcultural psychiatry, 53(1), 81-109.
  • Keilson, H., & Sharpati, R. (1979). Sequentielle Traumatisierung bei Kindern. Stuttgart: Enke Verlag.
  • Kinzie, J., Sack, W., Angell, R., Manson, S., & Rath, B. (1986). The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children, I: The children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 370−376.
  • Kinzie, J. D., Boehnlein, J. K., Leung, P. K., Moore, L. J., Riley, C., & Smith, D. (1990). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees. The American Journal of Psychiatry.
  • Loughry, M., & Flouri, E. (2001). The behavioural and emotional problems of former unaccompanied refugee children 3–4 years after their return to Vietnam. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 249−263.
  • Machel, G. (2001). The impact of war on children. London: Unicef-Unifem.
  • Macksoud, M., & Aber, J. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70−88.
  • McKelvey, R. S., & Webb, J. A. (1995). Unaccompanied status as a risk factor in Vietnamese Amerasians. Social Science and Medicine, 41, 261−266.
  • Murthy, R. S., & Lakshminarayana, R. (2006). Mental health consequences of war: A brief review of research findings. World Psychiatry, 5(1), 25–30.
  • Nielsen, N. (2016), “Child Trafficking in EU on the Rise.” EU Observer. Retrieved from: https://euobserver.com/justice/133482
  • Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Wraith, R. (1995). A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress. In D. Cicchetti, & D. J. Cohen (Eds) Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 72–95). Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Reed, R., Fazel, M., Jones, L., Panter-Brick, C., & Stein, A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: Risk and protective factors. Review, 379, 250–265
  • Russell, S. (1999). Unaccompanied refugee children in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Refugee Law, 11(1), 126-154.
  • Sack, W. H., Clarke, G., Him, C., Dickason, D., Goff, B., Lanham, K., et al. (1993). A 6-year follow-up study of Cambodian refugee adolescents traumatized as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 431−437.
  • Steel, Z., Silove, D., Bird, K., McGorry, P., & Mohan, P. (1999). Pathways from war trauma to posttraumatic stress symptoms among Tamil asylum seekers, refugees and immigrants. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 421−435.
  • Sourander, A. (1998). Behavior problems and traumatic events of unaccompanied refugee minors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 719−727.
  • Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood trauma. An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 10−20.
  • Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Remembering, forgetting, and the effects of trauma on memory: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 10(4), 589–605.
  • UNHCR (2004). 2003 Global refugee trends. Overview of refugee populations, new arrivals, durable solutions, asylum-seekers and other persons of concern to UNHCR. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
  • UNHCR (November 27, 2018) Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf 16
  • UNICEF (2016) “NEITHER SAFE NOR SOUND: Unaccompanied children on the coastline of the English Channel and the North Sea” Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/media/files/Unicef_NeitherSafeNorSound_(003).pdf
  • UNODC (2016, June 20) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html
  • Van der Veer, G. (2002). Gevluchte adolescenten. Ontwikkeling, begeleiding en hulpverlening Utrecht: Stichting Pharos
  • Vidal, M. (2017, June). “No One is Counting the Missing Refugee Children in Europe,” in Newsdeeply Online. Retrieved from https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2017/07/20/noone-is-counting-europes-missing-refugee-children
  • Williams, C. L., & Berry, J. W. (1991). Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: Application of psychological theory and practice. American Psychologist, 46, 632−641.
  • Wilson, A. (2012). The invisible trauma of war-affected children. Retrieved from http://trauma.blog.yorku.ca/2012/07/the-invisible-trauma-of-war-affected-children

Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 263 - 282, 13.02.2020

Elçin Kürşat Coşkun Yeşim Ahlers

Abstract

References

  • References
  • Ackerman, L. K. (1997). Health problems of refugees. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 10(5), 337-348.
  • Ajdukovic M, Ajdukovic D. Psychological well-being of refugee children. Child Abuse Negl 1993;17:843-54.
  • Ajdukovic, M. (1998). Displaced adolescents in Croatia: Sources of stress and posttraumatic stress reaction. Adolescence, 33, 209−217.
  • Alexandridis, A., & Dalkıran, M. (2017, March). Routes Change, Migration Persists: The Effects of EU Policy on Migratory Routes. In Al Sharq Forum Research Papers (Vol. 28). Retrieved from http://sharqforum.org/2017/03/28/routes-change-migration-persists-theeffects-of-eu-policy-on-migratory-routes/
  • Almqvist, K., & Broberg, A. G. (1999). Mental health and social adjustment in young refugee children y 3½ years after their arrival in Sweden. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(6), 723-730.
  • Baker, N. G. (1982). Substitute care for unaccompanied refugee minors. Child Welfare, 61, 353−363.
  • Beers, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(3), 483–486.
  • Bhabha, J., & Young, W. (1999). Not adults in miniature: Unaccompanied child asylum seekers and the new US guidelines. Int'l J. Refugee L., 11, 84.
  • Bruce, B. (2001). Toward mediating the impact of forced migration and displacement among children affected by armed conflict.Journal of International Affairs, 55, 35−58.
  • Burnett, A., & Peel, M. (2001). Asylum seekers and refugees in Britain: Health needs of asylum seekers and refugees. British Medical Journal, 322, 544−547.
  • Chak, F. M. (2018). Europe's Dystopia: The Exploitation of Unaccompanied and Separated Child Refugees. Policy Perspectives, 15(3), 7-28.
  • Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., Schuyten, G., & De Temmerman, E. (2004). Post-traumatic stress in former Ugandan child soldiers. Lancet, 363, 861−863.
  • Derluyn, I., & Broekaert, E. (2008). Unaccompanied refugee children and adolescents: The glaring contrast between a legal and a psychological perspective. International journal of law and psychiatry, 31(4), 319-330.
  • Dimitropolous, S. (2017, March 23). “The Sophisticated Smuggling Routes Bringing Refugees to Europe,” in Vice News Retrieved from https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/aea5n4/thesophisticated-smuggling-routes-bringing-refugees-into-greece
  • Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Raundalen, M. (2002). Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study. Journal of traumatic stress, 15(1), 59-68.
  • Dyregrov, A., & Yule, W. (2006). A review of PTSD in children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 11(4), 176-184.
  • Eitinger, L. (1983). Psychiatric Symptomatology in Refugees. In: Boroffka, A. & Pfeiffer, W. (Hg.) Fragen der transkulturellvergleichenden Psychiatrie in Europa. Pp.226-236.
  • Erikson, E. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
  • Fantino, A. M., & Colak, A. (2001). Refugee children in Canada: Searching for identity. Child Welfare, 80, 587−596.
  • Fazel, M., & Stein, A. (2002). The mental health of refugee children. Archives of disease in childhood, 87(5), 366-370.
  • Ferenci, B. (2001). Separated refugee children in Austria. International Journal of Refugee Law, 12, 525−547.
  • Fischer, G., & Riedesser, P. (2003). Lehrbuch der psychotraumatologie. München: Reinhardt.
  • Fox, P. G., Cowell, M. J., & Montgomery, A. C. (1994). The effects of violence on health and adjustment of Southeast Asian refugee children: An integrative review. Public Health Nursing, 11, 195−201.
  • Frontex Online. (August 11, 2017).Retrieved from http://frontex.europa.eu/trendsand-routes/central-mediterranean-route/
  • Gold, S. J. (1992). Mental health and illness in Vietnamese refugees. Western Journal of Medicine, 157(3), 290.
  • Henley, J., & Robinson, J. (2011). Mental health issues among refugee children and adolescents. Clinical Psychologist, 15(2), 51–62.
  • Hicks, R., Lalonde, R. N., & Pepler, D. (1993). Psychosocial considerations in the mental health of immigrant and refugee children. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 12, 71−87.
  • Hodes, M. (1998). Refugee children. British Medical Journal, 316, 490−495.
  • Hubbard, J., Realmuto, G. M., Northwood, A. K., & Masten, A. S. (1995). Comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses with post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of childhood trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1167−1173.
  • Ingleby, D. (2005). Editor's introduction. In D. Ingleby (Ed.), Forced migration and mental health. Rethinking the care of refugees and displaced persons (pp. 1−28). New York: Springer.
  • IOM (August 4, 2017) “Mediterranean Migrant Arrivals” Relief Web Online Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/report/italy/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-reach-115109- 2017-2397-deaths
  • Jabbar, S. A., & Zaza, H. I. (2019). Post-traumatic Stress and Depression (PSTD) and general anxiety among Iraqi refugee children: a case study from Jordan. Early Child Development and Care, 189(7), 1114-1134.
  • Gerretsen, I. (2017, April 19). “Child Refugees Forced to Sell their Bodies to Enter Europe,” in Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/child-refugees-europe-refugeecrisis-sexual-exploitation-greece-harvard-585976
  • Halvorsen, K. (2002). Separated children seeking asylum: The most vulnerable of all. Forced Migration Review, 12, 34–36.
  • Hunter, A. (2001). Between the domestic and the international: The role of the European Union in providing protection for unaccompanied refugee children in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Migration and Law, 3, 383−410.
  • Jaycox, L. H., Stein, B. D., Kataoka, S. H., Wong, M., Fink, A., Escudero, P., et al. (2002). Violence exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depressive symptoms among recent immigrant schoolchildren. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1104−1110.
  • Jones, L. (1998). Adolescent groups for encamped Bosnian refugees: Some problems and solutions. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 3, 541−551
  • Kaplan, I., Stolk, Y., Valibhoy, M., Tucker, A., & Baker, J. (2016). Cognitive assessment of refugee children: Effects of trauma and new language acquisition. Transcultural psychiatry, 53(1), 81-109.
  • Keilson, H., & Sharpati, R. (1979). Sequentielle Traumatisierung bei Kindern. Stuttgart: Enke Verlag.
  • Kinzie, J., Sack, W., Angell, R., Manson, S., & Rath, B. (1986). The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children, I: The children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 370−376.
  • Kinzie, J. D., Boehnlein, J. K., Leung, P. K., Moore, L. J., Riley, C., & Smith, D. (1990). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees. The American Journal of Psychiatry.
  • Loughry, M., & Flouri, E. (2001). The behavioural and emotional problems of former unaccompanied refugee children 3–4 years after their return to Vietnam. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 249−263.
  • Machel, G. (2001). The impact of war on children. London: Unicef-Unifem.
  • Macksoud, M., & Aber, J. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70−88.
  • McKelvey, R. S., & Webb, J. A. (1995). Unaccompanied status as a risk factor in Vietnamese Amerasians. Social Science and Medicine, 41, 261−266.
  • Murthy, R. S., & Lakshminarayana, R. (2006). Mental health consequences of war: A brief review of research findings. World Psychiatry, 5(1), 25–30.
  • Nielsen, N. (2016), “Child Trafficking in EU on the Rise.” EU Observer. Retrieved from: https://euobserver.com/justice/133482
  • Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Wraith, R. (1995). A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress. In D. Cicchetti, & D. J. Cohen (Eds) Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 72–95). Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Reed, R., Fazel, M., Jones, L., Panter-Brick, C., & Stein, A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: Risk and protective factors. Review, 379, 250–265
  • Russell, S. (1999). Unaccompanied refugee children in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Refugee Law, 11(1), 126-154.
  • Sack, W. H., Clarke, G., Him, C., Dickason, D., Goff, B., Lanham, K., et al. (1993). A 6-year follow-up study of Cambodian refugee adolescents traumatized as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 431−437.
  • Steel, Z., Silove, D., Bird, K., McGorry, P., & Mohan, P. (1999). Pathways from war trauma to posttraumatic stress symptoms among Tamil asylum seekers, refugees and immigrants. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 421−435.
  • Sourander, A. (1998). Behavior problems and traumatic events of unaccompanied refugee minors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 719−727.
  • Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood trauma. An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 10−20.
  • Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Remembering, forgetting, and the effects of trauma on memory: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 10(4), 589–605.
  • UNHCR (2004). 2003 Global refugee trends. Overview of refugee populations, new arrivals, durable solutions, asylum-seekers and other persons of concern to UNHCR. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
  • UNHCR (November 27, 2018) Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf 16
  • UNICEF (2016) “NEITHER SAFE NOR SOUND: Unaccompanied children on the coastline of the English Channel and the North Sea” Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/media/files/Unicef_NeitherSafeNorSound_(003).pdf
  • UNODC (2016, June 20) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html
  • Van der Veer, G. (2002). Gevluchte adolescenten. Ontwikkeling, begeleiding en hulpverlening Utrecht: Stichting Pharos
  • Vidal, M. (2017, June). “No One is Counting the Missing Refugee Children in Europe,” in Newsdeeply Online. Retrieved from https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2017/07/20/noone-is-counting-europes-missing-refugee-children
  • Williams, C. L., & Berry, J. W. (1991). Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: Application of psychological theory and practice. American Psychologist, 46, 632−641.
  • Wilson, A. (2012). The invisible trauma of war-affected children. Retrieved from http://trauma.blog.yorku.ca/2012/07/the-invisible-trauma-of-war-affected-children
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Elçin Kürşat Coşkun This is me 0000-0003-4563-5133

Yeşim Ahlers This is me 0000-0001-9001-5940

Publication Date February 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kürşat Coşkun, E., & Ahlers, Y. (2020). PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 3(2), 263-282.
AMA Kürşat Coşkun E, Ahlers Y. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES. CONRESS. February 2020;3(2):263-282.
Chicago Kürşat Coşkun, Elçin, and Yeşim Ahlers. “PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (February 2020): 263-82.
EndNote Kürşat Coşkun E, Ahlers Y (February 1, 2020) PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 3 2 263–282.
IEEE E. Kürşat Coşkun and Y. Ahlers, “PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES”, CONRESS, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 263–282, 2020.
ISNAD Kürşat Coşkun, Elçin - Ahlers, Yeşim. “PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 3/2 (February 2020), 263-282.
JAMA Kürşat Coşkun E, Ahlers Y. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES. CONRESS. 2020;3:263–282.
MLA Kürşat Coşkun, Elçin and Yeşim Ahlers. “PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES”. Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, 2020, pp. 263-82.
Vancouver Kürşat Coşkun E, Ahlers Y. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CHILD REFUGEES. CONRESS. 2020;3(2):263-82.
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