Vaccines used in Echtyma disease and alternative treatment methods

Abstract

Ecthyma is a worldwide zoonotic disease with a significant morbidity rate among sheep and goats, which leading to yield losses. Orf virus (ORFV), the cause of ecthyma, is in the parapoxvirus genus, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae and family Poxviridae. ORFV enters the living body through damaged tissues and multiplies in epidermal cells. Ecthyma is usually transmitted to healthy animals by contact from infected animals. Disease can be observed experimentally or naturally in wild and domestic animal species such as camel, alpaca, squirrel, seal, reindeer, musk ox, mule deer, white-tailed deer, antelope, roe deer, and wildebeest. Although ORFV is endemic in many countries, it is not included in the status of a notifiable disease by OIE (Office International des Épizooties). However, ORFV is recognized by the OIE as a zoonotic disease and produces limited localized pustular lesions, usually on the hands of humans. This disease has a mortality rate of 10-90% in lambs and kids, while it has a low mortality rate in adult sheep and goats. Mortality rate increases because of lambs and kids do not suckle their mothers and secondary bacterial infections. Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), caprine papillomavirus (CaPV), mycoplasma, streptococcus, staphylococcus agents can also be seen together with ORFV. This disease, which can be seen periodically in small cattle, has recently been seen in every period of the year, resulting in the need to develop new approaches in the treatment of the disease. In this review, detailed information was given about the vaccines and alternative treatment methods that are widely used all over the world in the protection and treatment of ORFV, induced ecthyma in sheep and goats.

Keywords

• ecthyma
• protection
• treatment
• vaccine
• alternative methods

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