Psychological burden of nurses in the coronavirus pandemic

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 11 - 18, 31.12.2020

Gül Ergün Yeşim Maçça

Abstract

Coronavirus disease, which appeared in China in 2019, has spread all over the world in a very short period of time. A Coronavirus outbreak has been declared a pandemic with the spread of the disease. Coronavirus disease affects many health professionals, as well as nurses who are an integral part of the health system, exposing them to an increase in work intensity and some psychological problems that this workload brings. Nurses have begun to perform their care tasks more often and for all the needs of patients. Nurses who were in constant contact with sick individuals and provided their care experienced psychological effects in this process. The purpose of this review is to examine the psychological burdens of coronavirus disease on nurses.

Keywords

coronavirus, pandemic, psychological burden, nurse

Koronavirüs pandemisinde hemşirelerin psikolojik yükleri

Abstract

Çin’de 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan Koronavirüs hastalığı oldukça kısa bir süre içerisinde bütün Dünyaya yayılmıştır. Hastalığın yayılmasıyla birlikte koronavirüs salgını pandemi olarak ilan edilmiştir. Koronavirüs hastalığı birçok sağlık profesyonelini etkilediği gibi sağlık sisteminin ayrılmaz bir parçası olan hemşireleri de etkileyerek iş yoğunluklarında artışa ve bu iş yükünün getirmiş olduğu bazı psikolojik sorunlara maruz bırakmıştır. Hemşireler bakım verme görevlerini daha sık ve hastaların tüm ihtiyaçlarına yönelik olarak yapmaya başlamışlardır. Hasta bireylerle devamlı temas halinde olan ve bakımlarını sağlayan hemşireler bu süreçte psikolojik etkiler yaşamışlardır. Bu derlemenin amacı koronavirüs hastalığının hemşireler üzerindeki psikolojik yüklerini incelemektir.

Keywords

koronavirüs, pandemi, psikolojik yük, hemşire

References

• 1. Cohen MS, Hellmann N, Levy JA, DeCock K, Lange J. The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: Evolution of a global pandemic. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2008;118 (4): 1244-54.
• 2.Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]. Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 10 Şubat 2020;41(2):145-51.
• 3.World Health Organization WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. 2020 a; Accessed adress: https://www.who.int Accessed date: 01.12.2020.
• 4.Türken M, Köse Ş. Covid-19 bulaş yolları ve önleme. Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi, 2020; 30, 36-42.
• 5.TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) Rehberi. Ankara; 14.04.2020 Accessed adress: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf type=file Accessed date 6 May 2020.
• 6.Uptodate. Coronovirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, virolog, clinical features, diagnosis, andprevention. Accessed adress: https://www.uptodate.com/content s/coronavirus-disease2019-covid-19-epidemiology virology -clinical-features diagnosis-andprevention Accessed date: 06.12.2020.
• 7.Lei H, Ye F, Liu X, Huang Z, Ling, S., Jiang, Z., ... & Xie, Y. SARS-Cov-2 environmental contamination associated with persistently infected COVID‐19 patients. Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2020;14(6),688-699. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12783.
• 8. Lahrich S, Laghrib F, Farahi A, Bakasse M, Saqrane S, El Mhammedi MA. Review on the contamination of wastewater by COVID-19 virus: Impact and treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 2020;751,142325.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142325.
• 9.European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID19Novelcoronavirus. Accessed adress: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/images/COVID-19-infographic.png.png(2020) Accessed date: 05.12.2020.
• 10.World Health Organizatin. Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID19), (2020 b), Accessed adress: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/questionand-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses Accessed date: 06.12.2020.
• 11.WHO (2020 c). What are the symptoms of COVID-19? [Internet]. 2020. Accessed adress: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-acoronaviruses Accessed date: 05.12.2020.
• 12.CDC. How to prepare. 2020 Accessed adress: [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/prepare/index.html Accessed date: 05.12.2020.
• 13.Serafini G, Parmigiani B, Amerio A, Aguglia A, Sher L, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 2020;113(8),531-537. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201.
• 14.Shen X, Zou X, Zhong X, Yan J, Li L.Psychological stress of ICU nurses in the time of COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168.
• 15.Nie A, Su X, Zhang S, Guan W, Li J. Psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak on frontline nurses: A cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2020; 29 (21-22), 4217-4226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15454.
• 16.Dawson DL, Golijani-Moghaddam N. COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2020;17,126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.010.
• 17.Tee ML, Tee CA, Anlacan JP, Aligam KJG, Reyes PWC, Kuruchittham V, et al.. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020; 277,379-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043.
• 18.Romero CS, Catala J, Delgado C, Ferrer C, Errando C, Iftimi A, et al.. COVID-19 psychological impact in 3109 healthcare workers in spain: The PSIMCOVgroup. Psychological Medicine, 2020; 1-14.
• 19.Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028.
• 20.Dong ZQ, Ma J, Hao Y, Shen X, Gao Y, Zhang L. The social psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical staff in China: A crosssectional study (Published online) European Psychiatry. 2020; 63(1): e65. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.59.
• 21.Hatun O, Dicle AN, Demirci İ. Koronavirüs Salgınının Psikolojik Yansımaları ve Salgınla Başa Çıkma. Electronic Turkish Studies, 2020; 15(4).531-554. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44364.
• 22.McBride O, Murphy J, Shevlin M, Gibson-Miller J, Hartman TK, Hyland P, et al. Monitoring the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population: An overview of the context, design and conduct of the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study (2020).
• 23.Reger MA, Piccirillo ML, Buchman-Schmitt JM.. Covid-19, mental health, and suicide risk among health care workers: Looking beyond the crisis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2020; 81(5),0-0. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.20com13381.
• 24.Jiang Y. Psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in Hunan between January and March 2020 during the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei, China. Medical Science Monitor, 2020;26, e924171. doi: 10.12659/MSM.924171.
• 25.Khalid I, Khalid TJ, Qabajah MR, Barnard AG, Qushmaq IA. Healthcare workers emotions, perceived stressors and coping strategies during a MERS-CoV outbreak. Clinical Medicine & Research, 2016;14(1), 7-14.
• 26.Kim JS, Choi JS. Factors influencing emergency nurses’ burnout during an outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Korea. Asian Nursing Research, 2016;10(4), 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2016.10.002.
• 27.Verelst F, Kuylen E, Beutels P.. Indications for healthcare surge capacity in European countries facing an exponential increase in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases, March 2020. Eurosurveillance, 2020;25(13), 2000323.
• 28.Jiang L, Broome ME, Ning C. The performance and professionalism of nurses in the fight against the new outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic of Chinese nurses is laudable. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103578.
• 29.Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress (CSTS). Sustaining the Well-Being of Healthcare Personnel during Coronavirus and other Infectious Disease Outbreaks. 2020 Accessed date: 31.03.2020, Accessed adress: https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Sustaining_Well_Being_Healthcare_Personnel_during.pdf.pdf, Accessed date: 04.12.2020.
• 30.Hemşireler s.algın ile mücadelede ön cephede fedakarlık gösteriyor [Internet]. 2020 [Erişim Tarihi:04.06.2020]. Erişim adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/saglik/hemsirelersalgin-ile-mucadelede-on-cephede-fedakarlik-gosteriyor-483542.html.
• 31.Smith GD, Ng F, Li WHC. COVID-19: Emerging compassion, courage and resilience in the face of misinformation and adversity. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2020; 29(9-10), 1425. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15231.
• 32.Maben J, Taylor C, Bridges J. Guidance to support nurses’ psychological well-being during Covid-19 crisis (2020). Accessed adress: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/439503/1/Guidance_to_support_nurses_psychological_well_being_during_Covid_19_crisis_14.04.2020.pdf, Accessed date: 06.12.2020.
• 33.Zhang Y, Wang C, Pan W, Zheng J, Gao J, Huang X, et al. Stress, burnout, and coping strategies of frontline nurses during the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan and Shanghai, China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020;11,1154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565520.
• 34.Jalili M, Niroomand M, Hadavand F, Zeinali K, Fotouhi A. Burnout among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. medRxiv (2020).
• 35.Janeway D. The role of psychiatry in treating burnout among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Radiology Nursing.
• 36.Bettinsoli ML, Di Riso D, Napier JL, Moretti L, Bettinsoli P, Delmedico M, et al. Mental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Professionals during the COVID-19 Disease Outbreak, 2020; https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12239.
• 37.Yildirim TT, Atas O, Asafov A, Yildirim K, Balibey H. Psychological status of healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 2020; 26–31. 10.29271/jcpsp.2020.Supp2.S26.
• 38.Aksoy YE, Kocak V. Psychological effects of nurses and midwives due to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(5), 427-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.011.
• 39.Mo Y, Deng L, Zhang L, Lang Q, Liao C, Wang N, et al. Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID‐19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 2020; https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014.
• 40.Xiong H, Yi S, Lin Y. The psychological status and self-efficacy of nurses during COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional survey. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 2020; 57, 0046958020957114.
• 41.Cao J, Wei J, Zhu H, Duan Y, Geng W, Hong X, et al. A study of basic needs and psychological wellbeing of medical workers in the fever clinic of a tertiary general hospital in Beijing during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1.(2020); doi: 10.1159/000507453.
• 42.Tu ZH, He JW, Zhou N. Sleep quality and mood symptoms in conscripted frontline nurse in Wuhan, China during COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Medicine, 2020; 99(26).
• 43.Salari N, Khazaie H, Hosseinian-Far A, Ghasemi H, Mohammadi M, Shohaimi S, et al. The prevalence of sleep disturbances among physicians and nurses facing the COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health, 2020; 16(1), 1-14.
• 44.Diomidous M. Sleep and motion disorders of physicians and nurses working in hospitals facing the pandemic of COVID 19. Medical Archives, 2020;74(3), 210.
• 45.Giusti EM, Pedroli E, D’Aniello GE, Badiale CS, Pietrabissa G, Manna, C, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on health professionals: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology, 2020;11.
• 46.An Y, Yang Y, Wang A, Li Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Prevalence of depression and its impact on quality of life among frontline nurses in emergency departments during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020;276,312-315.
• 47.Pouralizadeh M, Bostani Z, Maroufizadeh S, Ghanbari A, Khoshbakht M, Alavi SA, et al. Anxiety and depression and the related factors in nurses of Guilan University of Medical Sciences hospitals during COVID-19: A web-based crosssectional study. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 2020; 13,100233.
• 48.Liu Z, Han B, Jiang R, Huang Y, Ma C, Wen J, et al. Mental health status of doctors and nurses during COVID-19 epidemic in China. 2020; http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551329.(2020).
• 49. Rahman A, Plummer V. COVID-19 related suicide among hospital nurses; case study evidence from worldwide media reports. Psychiatry Research, 2020; 291, 113272.