Bu deneysel çalışma, yaklaşmadan kaçınma duyguları olarak utanç ve suçluluk kullanarak CFM'yi test etmeyi amaçladı. İşsizlik sorununa yönelik bir çözüm planı, iki düzeyde güvence beklentisi altında ikna edici bir mesaj olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmaya Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Gazi Üniversitesi ve Hacettepe Üniversitesi'nden yüz yirmi dokuz Türk dördüncü sınıf öğrencisi katılmıştır. Yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam alındıktan sonra, katılımcılar işsizliğe yönelik iki başlangıç tutum sorusunu yanıtladılar, ardından iki başlangıç mesajı aracılığıyla katılımcılar arasında utanç ve suçluluk başarılı bir şekilde simüle edildi. Katılımcılardan çözüm planını okumaları, ardından en fazla beş mesajla ilgili düşünceyi listeleme, argüman gücünü değerlendirme ve son olarak çözüm planını değerlendirme dahil olmak üzere bağımlı önlemleri tamamlamaları istendi. Sonuçlar önerdiğimiz altı hipotezden dördünü doğruladı. Suçluluk (utanca karşı) mesajla meşgul olma motivasyonunu artırdı ve güvence beklentileri kesin veya belirsiz olup olmadığına bakılmaksızın daha derin bilgi işleme ile sonuçlandı. Suçluluk durumunda mesajı kabul etmek veya reddetmek, güvence beklentilerine rağmen esas olarak argümanın gücüne dayanıyordu. Güvenin belirsizliği (kesinliğe karşı) mesajı derinlemesine işlemek için daha fazla motivasyon yarattı. Duygular ve güvence düzeyi arasındaki etkileşim etkisi, yalnızca suçluluk/belirsiz durumdaki katılımcılar lehine mesajla ilgili düşünce sayısı üzerinde anlamlıydı. Sonuçlar önceki literatür ışığında tartışılmış, mevcut çalışmanın sınırlılıkları ve gelecekteki çalışmalar için önerilere değinilmiştir.
Adams, R. B., Ambady, N., Macrae, C. N., & Kleck, R. E. (2006). Emotional expressions forecast approach-avoidance behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 30(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9020-2
Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2012). The history of attitudes and persuasion research. In A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of the history of social psychology (pp. 285–320). New York: Psychology Press.
Carpenter, T. P., Tignor, S. M., Tsang, J. A., & Willett, A. (2016). Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt- and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.017
Dillard, J. P., & Anderson, J. W. (2004). The role of fear in persuasion. Psychology & Marketing, 21(11), 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20041
Ghorbani, M., Liao, Y., Çayköylü, S., & Chand, M. (2013). Guilt, shame, and reparative behavior: The effect of psychological proximity. J Bus Ethics, 114(2), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1350-2
Gleicher, F., & Petty, R. E. (1992). Expectations of reassurance influence the nature of fear-stimulated attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(92)90033-G
Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852–870). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
Mitchell, M. M., Brown, K. M., Morris-Villagran, M., & Villagran, P. D. (2001). The effects of anger, sadness and happiness on persuasive message processing: A test of the negative state relief model. Communication Monographs, 68(4), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750128070
Nabi, R. (1999). A cognitive‐functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall. Communication Theory, 9(3), 292–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00172.x
Nabi, R. (2002). Anger, fear, uncertainty, and attitudes: A test of the cognitive-functional model. Communication Monographs, 69(3), 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750216541
Nelissen, R. M., Leliveld, M. C., van Dijk, E., & Zeelenberg, M. (2011). Fear and guilt in proposers: Using emotions to explain offers in ultimatum bargaining. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.735
Petty, R. E., Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2003). Emotional factors in attitudes and persuasion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 752–772). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schmader, T., & Licke, B. (2006). The approach and avoidance function of guilt and shame emotions: Comparing reactions to self-caused and other-caused wrongdoing. Motivation and Emotion, 30(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9006-0
Tangney, P. (1991). Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 598–60. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.4.598
Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., & Jacobs, S. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141(6), 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729
Tiedens, L. Z., & Linton, S. (2001). Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: the effects of specific emotions on information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 973–988. https://doi.org/10.1037//OO22-3514.81.6.973
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 103–125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01
Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Tangney, J. P. (2007). The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. New York: Guilford Press.
Wirz, D. (2018). Persuasion through emotion? An experimental test of the emotion-eliciting nature of populist communication. International Journal of Communication, 12, 1114–1138.
An Integration of Self-Conscious Emotions into Cognitive-Functional Model: The Case of Guilt and Shame
Year 2022,
Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 169 - 183, 29.12.2022
This experimental study aimed at testing the CFM by employing shame and guilt as approach-avoidant emotions. A solution plan for unemployment problem was used as a persuasive message under two levels of reassurance expectations. A hundred and twenty-nine Turkish fourth-graders from Ankara Yıldırım Beyazit University, Gazi University, and Hacettepe University participated in this study. After obtaining the written informed consent, participants completed two initial attitude questions towards unemployment, then shame and guilt were successfully simulated among the participants via two induction messages. Participants were asked to read the solution plan, then to complete the dependent measures, including listing up to five message relevant thoughts, evaluating the argument strength, and finally evaluating the solution plan. The results confirmed four of six hypotheses we had proposed. Guilt (vs. shame) increased the motivation to be engaged with the message and resulted in deeper information processing regardless of the expectations of reassurance certain or uncertain. Accepting or rejecting the message in guilt condition relied mainly on the strength of the argument in spite of reassurance expectations. Uncertainty of reassurance (vs. certainty) generated more motivation to process the message deeply. The interaction effect between emotions and reassurance level was significant only on the number of message relevant thoughts in favor of participants in guilt/uncertain condition. The results were discussed in the light of the previous literature, limitations of the current study as well as suggestions for future work were addressed.
Adams, R. B., Ambady, N., Macrae, C. N., & Kleck, R. E. (2006). Emotional expressions forecast approach-avoidance behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 30(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9020-2
Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2012). The history of attitudes and persuasion research. In A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of the history of social psychology (pp. 285–320). New York: Psychology Press.
Carpenter, T. P., Tignor, S. M., Tsang, J. A., & Willett, A. (2016). Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt- and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.017
Dillard, J. P., & Anderson, J. W. (2004). The role of fear in persuasion. Psychology & Marketing, 21(11), 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20041
Ghorbani, M., Liao, Y., Çayköylü, S., & Chand, M. (2013). Guilt, shame, and reparative behavior: The effect of psychological proximity. J Bus Ethics, 114(2), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1350-2
Gleicher, F., & Petty, R. E. (1992). Expectations of reassurance influence the nature of fear-stimulated attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(92)90033-G
Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852–870). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
Mitchell, M. M., Brown, K. M., Morris-Villagran, M., & Villagran, P. D. (2001). The effects of anger, sadness and happiness on persuasive message processing: A test of the negative state relief model. Communication Monographs, 68(4), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750128070
Nabi, R. (1999). A cognitive‐functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall. Communication Theory, 9(3), 292–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00172.x
Nabi, R. (2002). Anger, fear, uncertainty, and attitudes: A test of the cognitive-functional model. Communication Monographs, 69(3), 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750216541
Nelissen, R. M., Leliveld, M. C., van Dijk, E., & Zeelenberg, M. (2011). Fear and guilt in proposers: Using emotions to explain offers in ultimatum bargaining. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.735
Petty, R. E., Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2003). Emotional factors in attitudes and persuasion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 752–772). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schmader, T., & Licke, B. (2006). The approach and avoidance function of guilt and shame emotions: Comparing reactions to self-caused and other-caused wrongdoing. Motivation and Emotion, 30(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9006-0
Tangney, P. (1991). Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 598–60. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.4.598
Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., & Jacobs, S. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141(6), 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729
Tiedens, L. Z., & Linton, S. (2001). Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: the effects of specific emotions on information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 973–988. https://doi.org/10.1037//OO22-3514.81.6.973
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 103–125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01
Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Tangney, J. P. (2007). The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. New York: Guilford Press.
Wirz, D. (2018). Persuasion through emotion? An experimental test of the emotion-eliciting nature of populist communication. International Journal of Communication, 12, 1114–1138.
Alibwaini, I., & Ünal, G. (2022). An Integration of Self-Conscious Emotions into Cognitive-Functional Model: The Case of Guilt and Shame. Current Research and Reviews in Psychology and Psychiatry, 2(2), 169-183.
All articles published by the journal are freely accessible and usable under the following licensing conditions: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0)