Geç ergenlerde (GE) ve erken yetişkinlerde (EY) madde bağımlılığı; (MKB) yetişkinlerin standart bakımından farklı tedavi edilmesi gereken gelişmekte olan MKB yaş grubu (16-25); (GE, EA) için psikolojik müdahaleler; seçici bir derleme.

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 193 - 207, 31.12.2024

Metin Çınaroğlu

Abstract

Bu makale, madde bağlamında yeni oluşmakta olan yaş grubuna (Geç Ergenler (GE) ve Erken Yetişkinler (EY)) dikkat çekmek ve bu yaş grubunun ihtiyaçlarına yönelik psikolojik müdahalelerin seçici bir derlemesini sunmaktadır. Özellikle alkol ve esrar içeren madde kötüye kullanımı, GE ve EY'nin refahı ve gelişimi için önemli riskler oluşturur. Liseden üniversiteye geçiş aşaması, bu yaş grubunu madde kötüye kullanımı olasılığını artıran çeşitli çevresel faktörlere maruz bırakır. Derleme, benzersiz gelişim süreçleri ve bireysel ihtiyaçları göz önünde bulundurularak, GE ve EY için uyarlanmış psikolojik müdahalelerin önemini vurgulamaktadır.
Bu derlemede çeşitli kanıta dayalı psikolojik müdahaleler tartışılmaktadır. Telefon tabanlı ebeveynden ebeveyne destek programı (EEDP), GE ve EY'yi ebeveynlerine yardım ederek destekleyen çok önemli bir müdahale olarak vurgulanmaktadır. Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi (BDT), madde kötüye kullanımıyla mücadelede ve bireylerin baş etme becerilerini geliştirmelerine yardımcı olmada etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Diyalektik Davranışçı Terapinin (DDT) ayrıca nüksetmeleri önlemede ve duygusal düzenlemeyi yönetmede değerli olduğu kanıtlanmıştır.
Ek olarak, tedavide umut, farkındalık ve motivasyonel görüşmenin (MG) rolü genişleyerek araştırılmaktadır. Bu müdahaleler olumlu beklentileri teşvik eder, öz yeterliliği artırır ve madde kullanımına yönelik kararsızlığı ele alır. Gelişmekte olan müzik terapisi alanı, madde istekleriyle ilişkili duygusal durumları değiştirmek için müziği kullanan umut verici bir yaklaşım olarak vurgulanmaktadır. Şema Terapi, uyumsuz şemaları ve temel inançları hedef alan potansiyel bir müdahale olarak da tartışılmaktadır.
Sonuç olarak, bu gözden geçirme, madde kötüye kullanımı ile GE ve EY için özel psikolojik müdahalelere duyulan ihtiyacın altını çizmektedir. Tartışılan müdahaleler, bu yaş grubunun benzersiz özelliklerini ve gelişimsel süreçlerini dikkate alan kapsamlı bir yaklaşım sağlar. Literatürü genişletmek ve madde kötüye kullanımı ile GE ve EY için psikolojik müdahalelerin etkinliğini artırmak için daha fazla araştırma ve randomize klinik deneyler yapılması gerektiği düşünülebilir.

Keywords

Madde Kötüye Kullanımı, Geç Ergenler, Genç Yetişkinler, Madde Bağımlılığı İçin Psikoterapi, Madde Kullanım Bozukluğu

Substance use disorder (SUD) in late adolescents (LA) and early adults (EA); Emerging SUD age group (16-25) that should be treated differently from adults’ SUD standard care; sud psychological interventions for conceptualized needs of LA and EA; a selective review

Abstract

This paper presents a selective review of focusing on new emerging age group (Late Adolescents (LA) & Early Adults (EA)) and their needs of psychological interventions for substance abuse. Substance abuse, particularly involving alcohol and cannabis, poses significant risks to the well-being and development of LA and EA. The transitional phase from high school to college exposes this age group to various environmental factors that increase the likelihood of substance misuse. The review emphasizes the importance of tailored interventions for LA and EA, considering their unique developmental processes and individual needs.
Several evidence-based psychological interventions are discussed in this review. The phone-based parent-to-parent support program (PPSP) is highlighted as a crucial adjunctive intervention that supports LA and EA by assisting their parents. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has shown effectiveness in addressing substance misuse and helping individuals develop coping skills. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) has also proven valuable in preventing relapses and managing emotional regulation.
Additionally, the role of hope, mindfulness, and motivational interviewing (MI) in treatment is explored and has been used as adjunctive treatment for decades. These interventions promote positive expectations, enhance self-efficacy, and address ambivalence towards substance use. The emerging field of music therapy is highlighted as a promising approach that utilizes music to modify emotional states associated with substance cravings. Schema Therapy is also discussed as a potential intervention targeting maladaptive schemas and core beliefs.
In conclusion, this review underscores the need for specialized psychological interventions for LA and EA with substance abuse. The discussed interventions provide a comprehensive approach that considers the unique characteristics and developmental processes of this age group. Further research and clinical trials are necessary to expand the knowledge base and improve the effectiveness of psychological interventions for LA and EA with substance misuse.

Keywords

Substance abuse, Late adolescents, Early adults, Psychotherapy for substance abuse, Substance use disorder, Substance misuse

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