Evaluation of DNA Protective and Antimicrobial Properties of some Cladonia Species
Abstract
The present study evaluated the DNA protective properties and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extracts of nine Cladonia species, namely C. pocillum, C. subulata, C. pyxidata, C. coniocraea, C. foliacea, C. firma, C. furcata, C. fimbriata and C. rangiformis collected in Turkey. DNA protection properties efficiency of Cladonia extracts was evaluated using pBR322 plasmid DNA. In vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts against two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis), three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis) and two fungal strains (Candida glabrata and Candida albicans) were examined using the disc diffusion method and through the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). DNA protective studies, all Cladonia extracts protected pBR322 plasmid DNA against damage caused by the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with ultraviolet (UV). The results demonstrated that the inhibition zones in the disc diffusion method ranged from 6.5 to 19.0 mm. MIC results were ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 mg/mL. Cladonia extracts show a better antimicrobial effect against bacterial strains than fungal strains. The highest antimicrobial effect among lichen species was demonstrated by Cladonia pocillum. Our results demonstrated that tested Cladonia extracts had strong antibacterial and DNA protective effects. This is the first comprehensive study to evaluate the DNA protective properties activity of Cladonia extracts.
Keywords
Antimicrobial activity, Cladonia, DNA protective properties, Lichen
Thanks
We would like to thank the research councils of Erciyes University and Bozok University for the financial support.
References
- [1] Honegger R., Functional aspects of the lichen symbiosis, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 42(1) (1991) 553-578.
- [2] Bates S. T., Cropsey G. W., Caporaso J. G., Knight R., Fierer N., Bacterial communities associated with the lichen symbiosis, Appl Environ Microbiol., 77 (2011) 1309–1314.
- [3] Selbmann L., Zucconi L., Ruisi S., Grube M., Cardinale M., Onofri S., Culturable bacteria associated with Antarctic lichens: affiliation and psychrotolerance, Polar Biol., 33(1) (2010) 71–83.
- [4] Molnár K., Farkas E., Current results on biological activities of lichen secondary metabolites: a review, Z Naturforsch C., 65(3–4) (2010) 157–173.
- [5] Mitscher L. A., Drake S., Gollapudi S. R., Okwute S. K., A modern look at folkloric use of anti-infective agents, J. Nat. Prod., 50 (6) (1987) 1025–1040.
- [6] Hostettman K., Wolfender J. L .,The search for biologically active secondary metabolites, Pestic. Sci., 51 (1997) 471–482.
- [7] Bate P. N. N., Orock A. E., Nyongbela K. D., Babiaka S. B., Kukwah A., Ngemenya M. N., In vitro activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria and cytotoxicity of lichens collected from Mount Cameroon, J. King Saud Univ. Sci., 32 (1) (2020) 614–619.
- [8] Nishanth K. S., Sreerag R. S., Deepa I., Mohandas C., Nambisan B., Protocetraric acid: an excellent broad-spectrum compound from the lichen Usnea albopunctata against medically important microbes, Nat. Prod. Res., 29(6) (2015) 574–577.
- [9] Timbreza L. P., De los Reyes J. L., Flores C. H., Perez R. J. L. A., Stockel M. A., Santiago K. A., Antibacterial activities of the lichen Ramalina and Usnea collected from Mt. Banoi, Batangas and Dahilayan, Bukidnon, against multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, Aust J Mycol, 26 (2017) 27–42.
- [10] Kilavuz E., Turac E., Ilk S., Sahmetliogl, E. Electropolymerizations of two novel EDOT‐BODIPY zinc oxide nanocomposites and evaluation of their in vitro antibacterial activities, Polym. Adv. Technol., 32(3) (2021) 1086-1100.