Trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media

Derya Yıldız; Ömrüye Özok Arıcı; Şefika Kaya; Bassam A. Najri; Arif Kıvrak; Hilal Demir Kıvrak

doi:10.17776/csj.1895975

Trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media

Abstract

The depletion of fossil fuels and environmental problems have increased interest in renewable energy systems. In this context, fuel cells are a promising technology for sustainable energy production. In this study, a ZSM-5-supported trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 catalyst was synthesized for glucose electrooxidation in an alkaline environment, and its electrochemical performance was investigated. Catalysts were prepared at different Pd loading rates, and their structural properties were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, and temperature programmed analysis. The results showed that the ZSM-5 structure was preserved and Pd, Sn, and Zr species were successfully dispersed. In electrochemical measurements, the catalyst with 5% Pd loading showed the highest activity, reaching a current density of 0.371 mA/cm2 and exhibiting low charge transfer resistance. The findings reveal that the Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 catalyst is a promising anode material for glucose fuel cells.

Keywords

Glucose electrooxidation, Pd, Sn, Zr, ZSM-5

Supporting Institution

Eskisehir Osmangazi University

Project Number

FBA-2022-2515

Thanks

This study was funded by the Scientific Research Foundation, Eskisehir Osmangazi University under grant numbers FBA-2022-2515.

References

Holechek, J. L., Geli, H. M., Sawalhah, M. N., & Valdez, R. (2022). A global assessment: Can renewable energy replace fossil fuels by 2050? Sustainability, 14(8), 4792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084792
Abas, N., Kalair, A., & Khan, N. (2015). Review of fossil fuels and future energy technologies. Futures, 69, 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2015.03.003
Karanfil, G. (2020). Importance and applications of DOE/optimization methods in PEM fuel cells: A review. International Journal of Energy Research, 44(1), 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4815
Brouzgou, A., Yan, L., Song, S., & Tsiakaras, P. (2014). Glucose electrooxidation over PdxRh/C electrocatalysts in alkaline medium. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 147, 481–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.09.024
Kaya, S., Caglar, A., & Kivrak, H. (2022). Carbon nanotube supported Ga@PdAgCo anode catalysts for hydrazine electrooxidation in alkaline media. Fuel, 324, 124822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124822
Ozok-Arici, O., Kaya, S., Caglar, A., Kivrak, H., & Kivrak, A. (2022). Glucose electrooxidation study on 3-iodo-2-(aryl/alkyl) benzo[b]thiophene organic catalyst. Journal of Electronic Materials, 51(4), 1653–1662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-09432-x
Basu, D., & Basu, S. (2012). Performance studies of Pd–Pt and Pt–Pd–Au catalyst for electro-oxidation of glucose in direct glucose fuel cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(5), 4678–4684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.023
Pasta, M., Hu, L., La Mantia, F., & Cui, Y. (2012). Electrodeposited gold nanoparticles on carbon nanotube-textile: Anode material for glucose alkaline fuel cells. Electrochemistry Communications, 19, 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2012.03.019
Basu, D., Sood, S., & Basu, S. (2013). Performance comparison of Pt–Au/C and Pt–Bi/C anode catalysts in batch and continuous direct glucose alkaline fuel cell. Chemical Engineering Journal, 228, 867–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.05.049
Rafaïdeen, T., Baranton, S., & Coutanceau, C. (2019). Highly efficient and selective electrooxidation of glucose and xylose in alkaline medium at carbon supported alloyed PdAu nanocatalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 243, 641–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.11.006

Er, O. F., & Kivrak, H. (2021). Highly active carbon nanotube supported iridium, copper, ruthenium catalysts for glucose electrooxidation. Energy Storage, 3(6), e271. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.271
Brouzgou, A., Song, S., & Tsiakaras, P. (2014). Carbon-supported PdSn and Pd3Sn2 anodes for glucose electrooxidation in alkaline media. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 158, 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.03.051
Cuevas-Muñiz, F., Guerra-Balcázar, M., Castaneda, F., Ledesma-García, J., & Arriaga, L. (2011). Performance of Au and AuAg nanoparticles supported on Vulcan in a glucose laminar membraneless microfuel cell. Journal of Power Sources, 196(14), 5853–5857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.02.081
Du, L., Shao, Y., Sun, J., Yin, G., Liu, J., & Wang, Y. (2016). Advanced catalyst supports for PEM fuel cell cathodes. Nano Energy, 29, 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.03.016
Kaya, S., Caglar, A., & Kivrak, H. (2023). CNT-supported multi-metallic (Ga@PdAgCo) anode catalysts: Synthesis, characterization, and glucose electrooxidation application. Journal of Electronic Materials, 52(2), 887–895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-10079-x
Kaya, S., Ulas, B., Er, O. F., Yılmaz, Y., & Kivrak, H. (2022). Optimization of electrode preparation conditions for enhanced glucose electrooxidation on Pt/CNT by response surface methodology. Journal of Electronic Materials, 51(6), 2971–2981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-09581-z
Kaya, S., Alalwan, H. A., Alminshid, A. H., Caglar, A., & Kivrak, H. (2022). Glucose electrooxidation modelling studies on carbon nanotube supported Pd catalyst with response surface methodology and density functional theory. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 168, 110810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2022.110810
Özok, Ö., Kaya, Ş., Çağlar, A., Kıvrak, H. D., & Kıvrak, A. (2023). Investigation of the performance of (4-(3-iodobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-N,N-dimethyllaniline as an anode catalyst for glucose electrooxidation. MANAS Journal of Engineering, 11(2), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.51354/mjen.1344493
Ozok-Arici, O., Kaya, S., Caglar, A., Kivrak, H., & Kivrak, A. (2022). Glucose electrooxidation study on 3-iodo-2-(aryl/alkyl)benzo[b]thiophene organic catalyst. Journal of Electronic Materials, 51(4), 1653–1662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-09432-x
Nguyen, D., Dinh, V., Nguyen, H. Q., & Hung, N. T. (2023). Zeolite ZSM-5 synthesized from natural silica sources and its applications: A critical review. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 98(6), 1339–1355. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7380
Xu, Z., et al. (2016). Proton-selective ion transport in ZSM-5 zeolite membrane. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120(46), 26386–26392. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b09383
Pang, H., Chen, J., Yang, L., Liu, B., Zhong, X., & Wei, X. (2008). Ethanol electrooxidation on Pt/ZSM-5 zeolite-C catalyst. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 12, 237–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-007-0383-4
Baruah, S., Kumar, A., & Peela, N. R. (2024). Seed-assisted in situ encapsulation of ultrasmall Ni–Co nanoclusters within ZSM-5 zeolite for enhanced alkaline ethanol electro-oxidation reaction. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 7(21), 25212–25224. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.4c05299
Baruah, S., Kumar, A., & Peela, N. R. (2023). Role of ZSM-5/AC hybrid support on the catalytic activity of Pd-Ag electrocatalysts towards ethanol oxidation: An experimental and kinetic study. Electrochimica Acta, 453, 142357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142357
Abrishamkar, M., & Izadi, A. (2013). Nano-ZSM-5 zeolite: Synthesis and application to electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 180, 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.05.005
Daas, B. M., & Ghosh, S. (2017). Electro-oxidation of methanol and ethanol catalyzed by Pt/ZSM-5/C. Electroanalysis, 29(11), 2516–2525. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201700235
Mohan, N., & Cindrella, L. (2015). Direct synthesis of Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite and its prospects as efficient electrode material in methanol fuel cell. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 40, 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.06.087
Abrishamkar, M., Azizi, S. N., & Raoof, J. B. (2012). Novel nano-zeolite modified carbon paste electrode for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly, 143(3), 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-011-0597-0
Guzmán-Vargas, A., Oliver-Tolentino, M. A., Lima, E., & Flores-Moreno, J. (2013). Efficient electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite species on zeolite modified electrode with Cu-ZSM-5. Electrochimica Acta, 108, 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.030
Rocco, A. M., Melo, K. V., De Araújo Mota, C. J., David, M. V., & De Souza, I. N. (2019). Synthesis of PtCo/ZSM-5/C electrocatalyst and electrochemical activity. Ionics, 25(1), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2572-9
Abrishamkar, M., & Barootkoob, M. (2017). Electrooxidation of formaldehyde as a fuel for fuel cells using Fe2+-nano-zeolite modified carbon paste electrode. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(37), 23821–23825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.083
Raoof, J. B., Chekin, F., Ojani, R., & Ghodrati, S. (2013). Ni/ZSM-5 zeolite modified carbon paste electrode as an efficient electrode for electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 60(5), 546–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201200372
Abrishamkar, M., & Kahkeshi, F. B. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of nano-ZSM-5 zeolite and its application for electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde over modified carbon paste electrode with ion exchanged synthesized zeolite in alkaline media. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 167, 51–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.04.040
Sabarish, R., & Unnikrishnan, G. (2020). A novel anionic surfactant as template for the development of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite and its catalytic performance. Journal of Porous Materials, 27(3), 691–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-019-00852-5
Cheng, Y., Wang, L.-J., Li, J.-S., Yang, Y.-C., & Sun, X.-Y. (2005). Preparation and characterization of nanosized ZSM-5 zeolites in the absence of organic template. Materials Letters, 59(27), 3427–3430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.06.008
Ansari, S., & Zendehdel, M. (2023). Functional of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on ZSM-5 zeolite: A new nano catalyst for organic reaction. Silicon, 15(18), 7953–7964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02644-8
Gurunathan, P., Ette, P. M., & Ramesha, K. (2014). Synthesis of hierarchically porous SnO2 microspheres and performance evaluation as Li-ion battery anode by using different binders. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 6(19), 16556–16564. https://doi.org/10.1021/am502852x
Li, J., Chen, C., Li, J., Li, S., & Dong, C. (2020). Synthesis of tin-glycerate and its conversion into SnO2 spheres for highly sensitive low-ppm-level acetone detection. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31(19), 16539–16547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04208-7
Jin, J., Li, C., Tsang, C.-W., Xu, B., & Liang, C. (2015). Catalytic combustion of methane over Pd/Ce–Zr oxides washcoated monolithic catalysts under oxygen lean conditions. RSC Advances, 5(124), 102147–102156. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA13223A
Li, J., Zhu, R., Cheng, Y., Lambert, C. K., & Yang, R. T. (2010). Mechanism of propene poisoning on Fe-ZSM-5 for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(5), 1799–1805. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903576d
Lónyi, F., & Valyon, J. (2001). On the interpretation of the NH3-TPD patterns of H-ZSM-5 and H-mordenite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 47(2–3), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(01)00389-4
Hamad, A. R., Calis, H., Caglar, A., Kivrak, H., & Kivrak, A. (2022). Indole-based novel organic anode catalyst for glucose electrooxidation. International Journal of Energy Research, 46(2), 1659–1671. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7282

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Chemical Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Derya Yıldız ^*
0000-0002-5628-8424
Türkiye

Ömrüye Özok Arıcı
0000-0002-4164-8650
Türkiye

Şefika Kaya
0000-0001-8277-4365
Türkiye

Bassam A. Najri This is me
0000-0001-8741-182X
Türkiye

Arif Kıvrak
0000-0003-4770-2686
Türkiye

Hilal Demir Kıvrak
0000-0001-8001-7854
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 29, 2026

Submission Date

February 25, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 3, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 47 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1895975

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA65WW54CZ

APA

Yıldız, D., Özok Arıcı, Ö., Kaya, Ş., Najri, B. A., Kıvrak, A., & Demir Kıvrak, H. (2026). Trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 47(3), 532-541. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1895975

AMA

1.Yıldız D, Özok Arıcı Ö, Kaya Ş, Najri BA, Kıvrak A, Demir Kıvrak H. Trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media. CSJ. 2026;47(3):532-541. doi:10.17776/csj.1895975

Chicago

Yıldız, Derya, Ömrüye Özok Arıcı, Şefika Kaya, Bassam A. Najri, Arif Kıvrak, and Hilal Demir Kıvrak. 2026. “Trimetallic Pd@SnZr ZSM-5 As an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media”. Cumhuriyet Science Journal 47 (3): 532-41. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1895975.

EndNote

Yıldız D, Özok Arıcı Ö, Kaya Ş, Najri BA, Kıvrak A, Demir Kıvrak H (June 1, 2026) Trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media. Cumhuriyet Science Journal 47 3 532–541.

IEEE

[1]D. Yıldız, Ö. Özok Arıcı, Ş. Kaya, B. A. Najri, A. Kıvrak, and H. Demir Kıvrak, “Trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media”, CSJ, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 532–541, June 2026, doi: 10.17776/csj.1895975.

ISNAD

Yıldız, Derya - Özok Arıcı, Ömrüye - Kaya, Şefika - Najri, Bassam A. - Kıvrak, Arif - Demir Kıvrak, Hilal. “Trimetallic Pd@SnZr ZSM-5 As an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media”. Cumhuriyet Science Journal 47/3 (June 1, 2026): 532-541. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1895975.

JAMA

1.Yıldız D, Özok Arıcı Ö, Kaya Ş, Najri BA, Kıvrak A, Demir Kıvrak H. Trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media. CSJ. 2026;47:532–541.

MLA

Yıldız, Derya, et al. “Trimetallic Pd@SnZr ZSM-5 As an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media”. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, vol. 47, no. 3, June 2026, pp. 532-41, doi:10.17776/csj.1895975.

Vancouver

1.Derya Yıldız, Ömrüye Özok Arıcı, Şefika Kaya, Bassam A. Najri, Arif Kıvrak, Hilal Demir Kıvrak. Trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media. CSJ. 2026 Jun. 1;47(3):532-41. doi:10.17776/csj.1895975

As of 2026, Cumhuriyet Science Journal will be published in six issues per year, released in February, April, June, August, October, and December

Trimetallic Pd@SnZr/ZSM-5 as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Glucose Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media

Abstract

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Project Number

Thanks

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite