Türkiye'de Asgari Ücretin Cinsiyetler Arası Ücret Farkına Etkisi

Year 2025, , 223 - 261, 22.01.2025

Zeynep Elitaş

https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1623988

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de asgari ücret artışların cinsiyetler arası ücret farkına etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun (TÜİK) 2004-2023 yıllarına ait Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması (HİA) mikro verileri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın ampirik çerçevesi üç aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Öncelikle Heckman tipi seçimli ücret denklemi kullanılarak her yıl için cinsiyetler arasındaki ücretin belirlenmesinde ortaya çıkan eşitsizlikler belirlenmiş ve bunun nedenleri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci aşamada, Blinder-Oaxaca ayrıştırma yöntemi ile yine her yıl için kadınların ve erkeklerin aynı özelliklere sahip olmaları durumunda ücret farklarının ne kadarının açıklanabileceğini ve ne kadarının hâlâ eşitsizliklerden kaynaklandığı hesaplanmıştır. Son aşamada, mikro verilerden hesaplanan ücret farkının bağımlı değişken, kadınların işgücündeki payı, reel asgari ücret artışları ve asgari ücretle çalışanların istihdama oranının açıklayıcı değişkenler olarak yer aldığı bir En Küçük Kareler (EKK) modeli tahmin edilmiştir. Heckman ücret denklemlerinden elde edilen sonuçlar, eğitim düzeyinin hem ücret hem de seçim denklemlerinde en önemli faktörlerden biri olduğunu göstermiştir. Eğitim seviyesi arttıkça hem işgücüne katılma olasılığı hem de ücret üzerindeki etkiler artmaktadır. EKK regresyon bulgularındaki ilk iki açıklayıcı değişkenin katsayıları teorik beklentilerle uyumludur. Sonuçlar, asgari ücretteki %1'lik bir artışın, ücret açığını %2,4 oranında daralttığını ve asgari ücret veya altında kazanan çalışanların oranındaki %1'lik artışın ise ücret açığını %9,4 oranında azalttığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Asgari ücret, ücret eşitsizliği, cinsiyet, Heckman seçim modeli, Türkiye

Minimum Wage Effects on Gender Wage Gap in Türkiye

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate the impact of the increases in minimum wages on gender wage gap in Türkiye. We use the individual level micro data of the HLFS provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute for the years 2004-2023. At first, the disparities in wage determination between genders with the use of a Heckman-type wage equation with selection is conducted. Second, the gender wage gap for each year using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method is calculated. Finally, the wage gap is computed from the microdata serves as the dependent variable, while the explanatory variables include the share of women in employment, real minimum wage increases, and the proportion of individuals earning at or below the minimum wage by an OLS model. The results of Heckman wage equations show that education emerges as one of the most significant factors in both the wage and selection equations. The OLS regression results suggest that a one percent increase in the minimum wage correlates with a 2.4 percent reduction in the wage gap, and a one percent rise in the proportion of employees earning at or below the minimum wage leads to a 9.4 percent decrease in the wage gap.

Keywords

Minimum wage, wage inequality, gender, Heckman sample selection, Türkiye

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