Evaluation of ILO's Decent Work Goal in the Context of 2030 Sustainable Development Goal

Abstract

The United Nations (UN) has adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to achieve sustainable development by 2030. Known as “Transforming Our World”, these goals outline an ambitious agenda. Among these goals, SDG 8 focuses on increasing productivity levels in the labor market, ensuring full and productive employment for all by 2030, and creating decent work opportunities. This goal also includes the elimination of forced labor, ending child labor, equal pay for equal work, and protecting the rights of precarious workers and migrant employees. The UN has made a significant international commitment to promote economic growth through the concept of “decent work” for all member states. However, despite efforts to support decent work and economic growth, significant challenges remain in achieving these goals. In this context, the purpose of this study is to present the current status of the attainability of SDG 8 among the UN 2030 goals and to discuss it in light of the indicators of the labor market.

Keywords

• 2030 Sustainable Development Goals
• Decent Work
• United Nations
• International Labour Organization

ILO’nun İnsana Yakışır İş Hedefinin 2030 Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefi Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), 2030 yılına kadar sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı sağlamak amacıyla Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedeflerini (SKH) kabul etmiştir. “Dünyamızı dönüştürmek” olarak adlandırılan bu hedefler, iddialı bir gündemin ana hatlarını çizmektedir. Bu hedefler arasında SKH 8, işgücü piyasasıyla ilgili olarak üretkenlik düzeyinin artırılması, 2030 yılına kadar herkes için tam ve üretken istihdamın sağlanması, insana yakışır işlerin oluşturulması gibi alt hedeflere sahiptir. Söz konusu hedef ayrıca, eşit işe eşit ücret, zorla çalıştırmanın ortadan kaldırılması, çocuk emeğine son verilmesi ve güvencesiz istihdam edilenler ve göçmen çalışanların çalışma haklarının korunmasını da içermektedir. BM'nin tüm üye ülkelerinde “insana yakışır iş” kavramı üzerinden ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik etme amacı doğrultusunda önemli bir uluslararası taahhüt bulunmaktadır. Ancak, insana yakışır iş ve ekonomik büyümeyi desteklemeye yönelik çabalara rağmen, bu hedeflere ulaşmada ciddi zorluklar devam etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı, BM 2030 hedeflerinden SKH 8'in ulaşılabilirliğine yönelik mevcut durumu ortaya koymak ve işgücü piyasasına dair göstergeler ışığında tartışmaktır.

Keywords

• 2030 Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri
• İnsana Yakışır İş
• Birleşmiş Milletler
• Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü

References

1. Bernal-Torres, C. A., Peralta-Gómez, M. C., Zwerg-Villegas, A. M. ve Cabrejos-Burga, R. (2019). Informal Workers in The Streets: An Integral View. Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci. 9, 251–260.
2. Bölükbaş, M. (2019). Türkiye’de Genç İşsizlik ve Yoksulluk İlişkisi: Bölgeler Düzeyinde Bir İnceleme. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(18), 213-233.
3. Ceylan, Ö. (2022). Sendika Özgürlüğü Komitesi Kararlarında Grev Hakkı. Çalışma ve Toplum, 4 (75), 2735-2774.
4. Charmes, J. (2012). The Informal Economy Worldwide: Trends and Characteristics. Marg. 6, 103–132.
5. Chigbu B.I ve Nekhwevha F. (2023). Exploring the Concepts of Decent Work Through The Lens of SDG 8: Addressing Challenges and Inadequacies. Front. Sociol. 8:1266141.
6. Ernst, C., Hagemeier, K., Marcadent, P. ve Oelz, M. (2012). Decent Work and Empowerment For Pro-Poor Growth. OECD Publishing.
7. Eurostat. Statistics on Young People Neither in Employment nor in Education and Training. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Statistics_on_young_people_neither_in_employment_nor_in_education_or_training#The_NEET_rate_within_the_EU_and_its_Member_States_in_2023 (09.08.2024)
8. Gafney, O. (2014). Sustainable Development Goals: Improving Human and Planetary Wellbeing. Glob Change, 82, 20–23.

9. García, J. A. L. (2017). The Right to Strike as a Fundamental Human Right: Recognition and Limitations in International Law. Revista Chilena de Derecho, 44, 781.
10. General Assembly. (2015). Resolution Adopted by The General Assembly on 25 September 2015.
11. Ghai, D. (2006). Decent Work: Objectives and Strategies. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies International Labour Office.
12. Gülmez, M. (2008). Sendika Hakkı, Toplu Sözleşme ve Grevi de İçeren Toplu Eylem Haklarını Kapsar mı?” Çalışma ve Toplum, 18, 137-169.
13. Günaydın, D. (2015). İnsana Yakışır İş: Türkiye Açısından Bir Değerlendirme, International Journal of Social Science, 37, 123-148.
14. Hickel J. (2019). The Contradiction of the Sustainable Development Goals: Growth Versus Ecology on a Finite Planet. Sustainable Development. 27, 873–884.
15. Horodnic, I. A., Ciobanu, C. I., Zaiț, A. ve Williams, C. C. (2022). Who Purchases From The Informal Economy and Why? Front. Psychol, 13, 940076.
16. ILO Brief. (2024). World Employment and Social Outlook: May 2024 Update. International Labour Organization.
17. ILO ve UNICEF (2021). Child Labour: Global Estimates 2020, Trends and The Road Forward. New York: ILO and UNICEF.
18. ILO. (1999). Decent Work. International Labour Office, International Labour Conferance, 87th Session, Report of the Director General, Geneva.
19. ILO. (2008). The ILO at 90: Working for Social Justice, World of Work The Magazine of the ILO. Geneva: International Labour Office.
20. ILO. (2010). ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and Its Follow-Up. Switzerland: ILO Publications.
21. ILO. (2013a). Decent Work Indicators: Guidelines For Producers and Users of Statistical and Legal Framework Indicators: ILO Manual: Second Version. Geneva: International Labour Office.
22. ILO. (2013b). Marking Progress Against Child Labour Global Estimates and Trends 2000-2012. International Labour Organization, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), Geneva.
23. ILO. (2014). World Social Protection Report 2014/15 Building Economic Recovery, Inclusive Development and Social Justice. Geneva: International Labour Office.
24. ILO. (2016). Decent Work Indicators in the SDGs. Global Indicator Framework. ILO Department of Statistics and the ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 2016.
25. ILO. (2017a). Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards The First Generation Free of Child Labour. An Integrated and Interdependent Analysis of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Relation to Target 8.7 / International Labour Office, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS); ILO DWT and Country Office for the Andean Countries. - Lima: ILO, 2017.
26. ILO. (2017b). Just Transition, Decent Work, and Climate Resilience. International Labour Organization.
27. ILO. (2019a). Rules of The Game. An Introduction to the Standards-Related Work of The International Labour Organization. International Labour Office, Geneva.
28. ILO. (2019b). Work for a Brighter Future – Global Commission on the Future of Work, International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2019.
29. ILO. (2019c). Time to Act for SDG 8: Integrating Decent Work, Sustained Growth and Environmental Integrity. Geneva: International Labour Office.
30. ILO. (2021a). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work. Geneva: International Labour Office.
31. ILO. (2021b). World Social Protection Report 2020–22: Social Protection at The Crossroads ‒ in Pursuit of A Better Future. Geneva: International Labour Office.
32. ILO. (2022a). A Safe and Healthy Working Environment is a Fundamental Principle and Right at Work.
33. ILO. (2022b). Global Wage Report 2022-23: The Impact of Inflation And COVID-19 on Wages and Purchasing Power. Geneva: International Labour Office.
34. ILO. (2022c). Advancing Social Justice and Decent Work in Rural Economies, ILO Policy Brief, October 2022.
35. ILO. (2022d). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2022. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2022.
36. ILO. (2022e). Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and International Organization for Migration (IOM),
37. ILO. (2023a). World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2023. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
38. ILO. (2023b). Has Youth Employment Recovered? ILO Brief, June 2023. https://www.ilo.org/publications/has-youth-employment-recovered (08.08.2024).
39. ILO. (2023c). Transformative Change and SDG 8: The Critical Role of Collective Capabilities and Societal Learning. Geneva: International Labour Office.
40. ILO. (2023d). A Call For Safer and Healthier Working Environments. Geneva: International Labour Office.
41. ILO. (2024a). World Employment and Social Outlook. Geneva: International Labour Office.
42. ILO. (2024b). Global Wage Report 2024–25: Is Wage Inequality Decreasing Globally?, Geneva: International Labour Office, 2024.
43. ILO. (21 Haziran 2019). ILO Centenary Declaration For The Future of Work, Adopted by International Labour Conference at its One Hunderd Eighth Session. Geneva: ILO.
44. ILO. C029 - Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/nrmlx_en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C029 (29.12.2024).
45. ILO. C122 - Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122). https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C122 (05.05.2024).
46. ILO. Charting Progress on The Global Goals and Decent Work, 19 Mart 2024, https://ilostat.ilo.org/blog/charting-progress-on-the-global-goals-and-decent-work/ (07.08.2024).
47. ILO. Child Labour Rises To 160 Million – First Increase In Two Decades, 10.06.2021, https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_800090/lang--en/index.htm (02.08.2024).
48. ILO. Expand Social Protection to The 4 Billion Excluded, 25 Ekim 2018, https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/expand-social-protection-4-billion-excluded (03.06.2024).
49. ILO. ILO Key Messages for COP29 – A just transition for realizing ambitious climate action and creating decent work for all. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/2024-10/ILO%20Key%20Messages%20for%20COP29_Final.pdf (25.12.2024).
50. ILO. Just Transitions for All: Achieving Climate and Social Justice. https://www.ilo.org/meetings-and-events/just-transitions-all-achieving-climate-and-social-justice (24.12.2024).
51. ILO. Nearly 3 Million People Die of Work-Related Accidents and Diseases, 26 Kasım 2023. https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/nearly-3-million-people-die-work-related-accidents-and-diseases (01.09.2024).
52. ILO. Türkiye Ofisi İstihdam Politikası Sözleşmesi, http://www.ilo.org/public/turkish/region/eurpro/ankara/about/soz122.htm (05.05.2024).
53. ILOSTAT. SDG Indicator 8.5.2 - Unemployment Rate (%), https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer8/?lang=en&id=SDG_0852_SEX_AGE_RT_A (08.01.2025).
54. ILOSTAT. SDG Indicator 1.1.1 - Working Poverty Rate, https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer40/?lang=en&id=X01_A (09.01.2025).
55. ILOSTAT. SDG Indicator 1.3.1 - Proportion of Population Covered by Social Protection Floors/Systems (%), https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer40/?lang=en&id=X01_A (09.01.2025).
56. Inekwe, J. N. (2015). The Contribution of R&D Expenditure to Economic Growth in Developing Economies. Social Indicators Research, 124(3), 727-745.
57. International Labour Conference (ILC). (2009). Recovering From The Crisis: A Global Jobs Pact.
58. International Labour Conference. (2019). ILO Centenary Declaration For The Future of Work Adopted By The Conference At Its One Hundred And Eighth Session, Geneva.
59. International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free ve International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2022). Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and International Organization for Migration (IOM).
60. International Labour Organization and Walk Free Foundation. (2017). Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. Geneva: International Labour Office.
61. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2021). Fiscal Monitor: Strengthening the Credibility of Public Finances. Washington, October.
62. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2022). World Economic Outlook: War Sets Back the Global Recovery. Washington.
63. International Monetary Fund (IMF). Real GDP Growt - Annual Percent Change, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD (26.12.2024).
64. International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). (2023a). ITUC Global Rights Index 2023. International Trade Union Confederation.
65. International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). (2023b). 2023 ITUC Global Rights Index The world’s worst countries for workers Executive Summary. International Trade Union Confederation.
66. Işığıçok, Ö. (2005). 21. Yüzyılda İstihdam ve İnsana Yakışır İş. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
67. Işığıçok, Ö. (2010). Küreselleşme Sürecinde İnsana Yakışır İş. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 2009 (56), 307-331.
68. Jiménez-Medina, P., Artal-Tur, A. ve Sánchez-Casado, N. (2020). Tourism Business, Place Identity, Sustainable Development, and Urban Resilience: A Focus on the Sociocultural Dimension. International Regional Science Review, 44(1), 170-199.
69. Kapar, R. (2004). Uygun İş Bağlamında Çalışan Yoksullar. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 48, 185-204.
70. Kapar, R. (2007). Uygun İş Açığı: İnsana Yaraşmayan İşler. Türk Tabipleri Birliği Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi, 2-10.
71. Kapar, R. (2009). Adil Bir Küreselleşme İçin Sosyal Adalet Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü Bildirgesi. Çalışma ve Toplum, 4(23), 61-77.
72. Kellerson, H. (1998). The ILO Declaration of 1998 on Fundamental Principles and Rights: A Challenge for the Future. International Labour Review, 137(2), 223-227.
73. Kreinin, H. ve Aigner, E. (2022). From “Decent Work and Economic Growth” To “Sustainable Work and Economic Degrowth”: A New Framework For SDG 8. Empirica, 49(2), 281-311.
74. Lim, M. M. L., Søgaard Jørgensen, P. ve Wyborn, C. A. (2018). Reframing The Sustainable Development Goals To Achieve Sustainable Development in the Anthropocene—A Systems Approach. Ecology and Society, 23(3): 22.
75. OECD Education GPS. Economic & Social Outcomes, https://gpseducation.oecd.org/revieweducationpolicies/#!node=41761&filter=all (08.08.2024).
76. OECD. (2024). Development Co-operation Report 2024: Tackling Poverty and Inequalities Through The Green Transition, Paris: OECD Publishing.
77. Özveri, M. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemisinde Çalışma Rejimi. Türk Tabipler Birliği Covid-19 Pandemisi Altıncı Ay Değerlendirme Raporu.
78. Rantanen, J., Lehtinen, S., Valenti, A. ve Iavicoli S. (2017). A Global Survey on Occupational Health Services in Selected International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) Member Countries. BMC Public Health, 17: 787. Rantanen, J., Muchiri, F. ve Lehtinen, S. (2020). Decent Work, ILO’s Response to The Globalization of Working Life: Basic Concepts and Global Implementation With Special Reference to Occupational Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3351.
79. Rombouts, S. J., & Zekić, N. (2020). Decent and Sustainable Work for the Future?. UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, 24(2), 317-358.
80. Routh, S. (2015). Aggregation in India: an Evolving Model of Collective Action. Theor. Inq. Law, 17, 283–320.
81. Sapancalı, F. (2005). Sosyal Dışlanma. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Yayınları.
82. Singla, N., Sood, K., Grima, S. ve Yadav, U. S. (2023). Target 8.8: Protect Labor Rights And Promote A Safe Working Environment. The Impact of Climate Change and Sustainability Standards on The Insurance Market, 373-392.
83. Skvarciany, V. ve Vidžiūnaitė, S. (2022). Decent Work and Economic Growth: The Case Study of the BRICS countries. In Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 10(2), 73-89.
84. Somavia J. (2000). Perspectives on Decent Work Statements by the ILO Director-General. Geneva: International Labour Office.
85. Standing, G. (2002). From People’s Security Surveys to A Decent Work Index. International Labour Rewiev, 141(4), 441-454.
86. T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2018). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023) İşgücü Piyasası ve Genç İstihdamı Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara: T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı.
87. The Global Goals. Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work For All, https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/8-decent-work-and-economic-growth/ (20.06.2024).
88. United Nations (UN). (2015a). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. United Nations: New York.
89. United Nations (UN). (2015b). Sustainable Development Goals. Transforming Our World: The SDGs 2030 Agenda For Sustainable Development. United Nations.
90. United Nations (UN). (2021). Thematic Brief on Social Protection. United Nations Economist Network.
91. United Nations (UN). The 17 Goals, Https://Sdgs.Un.Org/Goals#İmplementation (02.06.2024).
92. Vo, D., Nguyen, T., Tran, N. ve Vo, A. (2019). What Factors Affect Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Middle-Income Countries?, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 40.
93. Williams, C. C. ve Youssef, Y. (2014). Combating Informal Employment in Latin America: a Critical Evaluation of The Neo-Liberal Policy Approach. Res. World Econ. 5, 1–13.
94. World Bank. (2021). Global Economic Prospects.