İşyerinde Sessiz Çığlıklar: Akademik Çalışmalar Ne Diyor?

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, PRISMA 2020 akış şeması doğrultusunda mobbing literatürü sistematik olarak incelenmiş ve 380 makale kapsamlı bir bibliyometrik analizle değerlendirilmiştir. İlk makalenin 1996 yılında yayımlandığı, en yoğun yayın döneminin ise 2020 yılı olduğu ve bu yılda 32 makalenin yayımlandığı belirlenmiştir. İnceleme kapsamında toplam 911 yazar tespit edilmiştir. Elfi Baillien, Hans De Witte, Jolita Vveinhardt, Jordi Escartín, Guy Notelaers ve Dieter Zapf öne çıkan araştırmacılar olarak dikkat çekmiştir. Atıf analizinde ise Ståle Einarsen, Heinz Leymann ve Dieter Zapf’ın alan üzerinde en güçlü etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Anahtar kelimeler arasında “mobbing”, “bullying” ve “workplace bullying” öne çıkarken; “tükenmişlik”, “iş tatmini” ve “işyeri şiddeti” kavramlarının da sıklıkla kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Türkiye, 105 makale ve 1.320 atıf ile en üretken ülke olarak öne çıkmıştır ve Gazi, Hacettepe, İstanbul, Atatürk ve Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversiteleri önemli katkılar sunmuştur. Uluslararası düzeyde ise Bergen Üniversitesi ve KU Leuven dikkat çeken kurumlar arasında yer almıştır. Yapılan analizler, mobbing araştırmalarının disiplinler arası bir yapıya sahip olduğunu ve bireysel (tükenmişlik, depresyon, travma), örgütsel (bağlılık kaybı, düşük performans, inovasyonda azalma) ve kültürel düzeylerde farklılaşan çok boyutlu sonuçlar ürettiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, güçlü iş birlikleriyle gelişen bu alanın kavramsal olarak olgunlaşma sürecinde olduğunu ve özellikle önleme, müdahale ve yasal düzenlemeler alanlarında önemli araştırma boşluklarının bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• Mobbing
• işyerinde zorbalık
• duygusal istismar
• ayrımcılık
• çatışma

Silent Screams in The Workplace: What Do Academic Studies Say?

Abstract

This study systematically reviewed the literature on mobbing within the framework of the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram and conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 380 articles. The first article was published in 1996, and the most intensive period was in 2020 with 32 articles. The review identified 911 authors, with Elfi Baillien, Hans De Witte, Jolita Vveinhardt, Jordi Escartín, Guy Notelaers, and Dieter Zapf emerging as prominent researchers. In the citation analysis, Ståle Einarsen, Heinz Leymann, and Dieter Zapf were found to have the strongest influence. Among the key terms, “mobbing,” “bullying,” and “workplace bullying” stood out, while “burnout,” “job satisfaction,” and “workplace violence” were also frequently used. Türkiye stands out as the most productive country with 105 articles and 1.320 citations; Gazi, Hacettepe, Istanbul, Atatürk, and Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Universities have made significant contributions. Internationally, the University of Bergen and KU Leuven stand out. Analyses show that mobbing studies exhibit an interdisciplinary structure and produce multidimensional results that vary at the individual (burnout, depression, trauma), organizational (loss of commitment, low performance, decrease in innovation), and cultural levels. The study highlights that this field, which has developed through strong collaborations, is in a process of conceptual maturation and that there are significant research gaps, particularly in the areas of prevention, intervention, and legal regulations.

Keywords

• Mobbing
• workplace bullying
• emotional abuse
• discrimination
• conflict.

Supporting Institution

No support is taken from any institution or organization.

Ethical Statement

There is no data collection process in this study that requires ethical approval.

Thanks

The authors expresses gratitude to the advisors and academic sources that provided valuable contributions during the literature review and bibliometric analysis process.

References

1. Agrela, S., Pocinho, M., Sales, S., & Garcês, S. (2025). Validation of the Teacher Mobbing Scale: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica, 76(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.21865/RIDEP76.2.08
2. Altıparmak, İ. B. & Durakoğlu, A. (2021). ‘Hayvan Çiftliği’ adlı eseri bağlamında George Orwell’ın tarihi ve sosyolojik tespitlerini değerlendirmek. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(4), 1910–1922. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.875622
3. Angeles Carnero, M., Martínez, B., & Sánchez‐Mangas, R. (2012). Mobbing and workers’ health: Empirical analysis for Spain. International Journal of Manpower, 33(3), 322–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721211234183
4. Atta, M. H. R., Elzohairy, N. W., Abd Elaleem, A. E. M. H., Othman, A. A., Hamzaa, H. G., El-Sayed, A. A. I., & Zoromba, M. A. (2025). Comprehending the disruptive influence of workplace gaslighting behaviours and mobbing on nurses' career entrenchment: A multi-centre inquiry. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 81(4), 1815–1828. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16368
5. Ayyıldız, O. (2021). Sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik zorbalık ve mobbing davranışları: Bibliyometrik bir analiz. MEYAD Academy Journal, 2(2), 126–149.
6. Baillien, E., Bollen, K., Euwema, M., & De Witte, H. (2014). Conflicts and conflict management styles as precursors of workplace bullying: A two-wave longitudinal study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(4), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.752899
7. Baillien, E., Escartín, J., Gross, C., & Zapf, D. (2017). Towards a conceptual and empirical differentiation between workplace bullying and interpersonal conflict. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(6), 870–881. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1385601
8. Baillien, E., Griep, Y., Vander Elst, T., & De Witte, H. (2019). The relationship between organisational change and being a perpetrator of workplace bullying: A three-wave longitudinal study. Work & Stress, 33(3), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1496161

9. Baillien, E., Neyens, I., & De Witte, H. (2011). Organizational correlates of workplace bullying in small- and medium-sized enterprises. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 29(6), 610–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610375774
10. Bencsik, A., Poór, J., & Juhász, T. (2024). Psychological harassment at work in Hungary and Slovakia. Management & Marketing, 19(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2024-0004
11. Bingül, E., & Göncü-Köse, A. (2024). Moderating effects of Dark Triad on the relationships of mobbing and abusive supervision with outcomes. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 40(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2024a7
12. Bortoluzzi, G., Caporale, L., & Palese, A. (2014). Does participative leadership reduce the onset of mobbing risk among nurse working teams? Journal of Nursing Management, 22(5), 643–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12042
13. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
14. Camarda, A., McAndrew, N. S., Wolf, L., & Bishop-Royse, J. (2025). A scoping review of workplace bullying in emergency and intensive care settings. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 55(5), 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000001572
15. Carnero, M. A., Martínez, B., & Sánchez-Mangas, R. (2012). Mobbing and workers' health: Empirical analysis for Spain. International Journal of Manpower, 33(3), 322–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721211234183
16. Carvalho, C. B., Martins, R., Pereira, C., Sousa, M., Costa, R., & Faria, S. (2024). Mobbing: A characterization in Portuguese workers and its sociodemographic correlates. Current Psychology, 43(47), 36440–36449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06966-7
17. Cemaloğlu, N., & Kılınç, A. Ç. (2012). The relationship between school principals' ethical leadership behaviors and teachers' perceived organizational trust and mobbing [Okul müdürlerinin etik liderlik davranışları ile öğretmenlerin algıladıkları örgütsel güven ve yıldırma arasındaki ilişki]. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37(165), 137–151.
18. Çetin, Z., & Özözen Danacı, M. (2021). Exploring the effect of mobbing in vocational secondary schools on teacher performance. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, (61), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-6199
19. Cicerali, L. K., & Cicerali, E. E. (2016). A qualitative study on how Swedish organizations deal with workplace bullying. Nordic Psychology, 68(2), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2015.1071198
20. De Clercq, D. (2025). Workplace bullying, distrust in top management and diminished ethical voice behaviour: Buffering effects of resilience and innovation propensity. International Journal of Organizational Analysis. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-07-2024-4651
21. De Wet, C., & Jacobs, L. (2013). South African teachers' exposure to workplace bullying. TD: The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 9(3), 446–464.
22. Didier, N., & Luna, J. F. (2022). Assessment of the psychometric properties of the modified Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror (LIPT 60). Límite: Revista de Filosofía y Psicología, 17(12), 1–15.
23. Durmaz, C., Ergeneli̇, A., & Meti̇n Camgöz, S. (2020). Babacan liderlik, yıldırma ve örgütsel sinizm ilişkilerinde bireyci ve toplulukçu kültürel değerlerin rolleri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 631–655. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.789944
24. Erdis, E., Genç, O., & Aydınlı, S. (2021). Mobbing on construction professionals: Causes, consequences, and precautions. International Journal of Construction Management, 21(10), 987–996. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2019.1602579
25. Ergen, H., Giliç, F., Yücedağlar, A., & Inandi, Y. (2025). Leadership styles and quiet quitting in school context: Unveiling mobbing as a mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1538444. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1538444
26. Eroğlu, O. (2015). Türk yönetim ve organizasyon yazınında mobbing: Yönetim ve organizasyon kongresi bildirileri ve lisansüstü tezler üzerine bir inceleme. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(3), 269–286.
27. Erten, Ş. & Çögenli, M. Z. (2024). The relationship between mobbing, public service motivation, and internalization of mission in public sector. MAKU IIBFD. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1415347
28. Ertureten, A., Cemalcilar, Z., & Aycan, Z. (2013). The relationship of downward mobbing with leadership style and organizational attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(1), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1468-2
29. Faria, J. R., Mixon, F. G., & Salter, S. P. (2012). An economic model of workplace mobbing in academe. Economics of Education Review, 31(5), 720–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.04.004
30. Giorgi, G., Ando, M., Arenas, A., Shoss, M. K., & Leon-Perez, J. M. (2013). Exploring personal and organizational determinants of workplace bullying and its prevalence in a Japanese sample. Psychology of Violence, 3(2), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028049
31. Gough, C., Coyne, I., & Munir, F. (2025). Organisational readiness for workplace bullying interventions: Conceptualisation and measurement. International Journal of Conflict Management, 36(3), 675–696. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-01-2025-0033
32. Hacicaferoğlu, S. (2015). Research on referees of indoor sports exposed to mobbing behaviors in their classes in Turkey. Anthropologist, 21(3), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891840
33. Hajek, A., & König, H.-H. (2019). Are perceived bad working conditions and perceived workplace bullying associated with doctor visits? Results of the nationally representative German General Social Survey. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), Article 747. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4570-7
34. Haney, C. & Zimbardo, P. (1998). The past and future of U.S. prison policy: Twenty-five years after the Stanford Prison Experiment. American Psychologist, 53(7), 709–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.7.709
35. Henry, J., Croxton, R., & Moniz, R. (2023). Incivility and dysfunction in the library workplace: A five-year comparison. Journal of Library Administration, 63(1), 42–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2022.2146440
36. Hoel, H. & Einarsen, S. (2010). Shortcomings of antibullying regulations: The case of Sweden. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19(1), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320802643665
37. Karaahmet, E. (2013). Overview of the psychiatric reflections of mobbing: Two case reports. Dusunen Adam: Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 26(4), 388-391. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2013260409
38. Karakas, S. A., & Okanli, A. (2015). The effect of assertiveness training on the mobbing that nurses experience. Workplace Health & Safety, 63(10), 446–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079915591708
39. Karanfil, D., Demircan, Y., Cebeci, E. Ö., Karasakal, S. G., & Yakın, N. (2023). İş yerinde psikolojik taciz ve nezaketsizlik: İhtiyaç tatmininin aracı ve öz-şefkatin düzenleyici rolü. Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 16(2), 366-392. https://doi.org/10.12711/tjbe.4097
40. Karatuna, I. (2015). Targets' coping with workplace bullying: A qualitative study. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 10(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-09-2013-1176
41. Karatuna, I., & Gök, S. (2014). A study analyzing the association between post-traumatic embitterment disorder and workplace bullying. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 29(2), 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2014.898569
42. Lambert, K., Francis, K., & Tori, K. (2025). Variability of terminology used to describe unwanted workplace behaviors in nursing: A scoping review. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 47(5), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459251323680
43. Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414853
44. Machado, I. C. K., Bernardes, J. W., Monteiro, J. K., & Marin, A. H. (2021). Stress, anxiety and depression among gastronomes: Association with workplace mobbing and work-family interaction. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94(8), 1797–1807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01745-4
45. Mendez Celis, P. & Diego, S. J. (2016). Mobbing in health systems. Revista Gestión De Las Personas Y Tecnología, 9(26), 5–11.
46. Meseguer, M., Soler, M. I., & García-Izquierdo, M. (2014). The moderating role of professional self-efficacy in situations of workplace bullying and self-perceived health [El papel moderador de la autoeficacia profesional en situaciones de acoso laboral y salud autopercibida]. Anales de Psicología, 30(2), 573–578. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.2.161251
47. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040525
48. Mulder, R., Bos, A. E. R., Pouwelse, M., & van Dam, K. (2017). Workplace mobbing: How the victim's coping behavior influences bystander responses. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1152213
49. Muñoz-Londoño, M., Vélez Castro, D. C., & López Velásquez, A. M. (2022). Experiencias de acoso laboral de trabajadores de empresas antioqueñas entre los años 2006 y 2019. Cuadernos de Administración, 38(72), e2311224. https://doi.org/10.25100/cdea.v38i72.11224
50. Murat, G. & Elci, M. (2020). The effect of mobbing on organizational commitment and trust in manager. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 15(2), 295–308.
51. Oxford University Press. (2024). Mob. In Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved October 28, 2024, from https://www.oed.com/dictionary/mob_v2
52. Otto, K., & Mamatoglu, N. (2015). Why does interactional justice promote organizational loyalty, job performance, and prevent mental impairment? The role of social support and social stressors. The Journal of Psychology, 149(2), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2013.866535
53. Ötkan, C. Ç., & Çolakoğlu, T. (2025). Violation of employee rights and unionization from the perspective of non-unionized basketball players. SAGE Open, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251323663
54. Pheko, M. M., Balogun, S. K., & Monteiro, N. M. (2019). Peer mentorship: A powerful buffer against those with legitimate right and power to bully subordinates. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 27(4), 370–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2019.1649914
55. Pilch, I. & Turska, E. (2015). Relationships between Machiavellianism, organizational culture, and workplace bullying: Emotional abuse from the target’s and the perpetrator’s perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2081-3
56. Rahman, A., Leifels, K., & Adakporia, K. O. (2025). Risk and causative factors of psychological harm among construction workers: A systematic review. Workplace Health & Safety, 73(6), 266–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799241303529
57. Ramaci, T., Barattucci, M., Vella, F., Senia, P., Cannizzaro, E., Scorciapino, A., Ledda, C., De Giorgio, A., & Rapisarda, V. (2020). Straining at work and its relationship with personality profiles and individual consequences in healthcare workers (HCWs). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), Article 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020610
58. Rauls, J., Buchallik, F., Zimmer, A., Kraft, E., & Beck, D. (2025). Verbreitung und Bedingungen von betrieblichen Maßnahmen zum Umgang mit Mobbing in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der ESENER-3 [Prevalence and conditions of organizational measures for dealing with mobbing in Germany: Results of ESENER-3]. Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie, 75(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40664-024-00550-3
59. Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Antino, M., Ruiz-Zorrilla, P., Sanz-Vergel, A. I., & León-Pérez, J. M. (2025). Your job makes us lose sleep: The effect of workplace bullying on own and partner’ insomnia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605251318291
60. Rosander, M. (2025). Caught in the crossfire: Bullying of those in managerial positions. Journal of Management & Organization, 1–24. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2025.10
61. Rugulies, R., Madsen, I. E. H., Hjarsbech, P. U., Hogh, A., Borg, V., Carneiro, I. G., & Aust, B. (2012). Bullying at work and onset of a major depressive episode among Danish female eldercare workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 38(3), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3278
62. Sabino, A. A., Gonçalves, S. P., & Cesário, F. (2025). Linking organizational cynicism to prosocial voice and defensive silence through the mediating role of bullying at work. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 33(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-12-2023-4119
63. Salin, D. (2005). Workplace bullying among business professionals: Prevalence, gender differences and the role of organizational politics. PISTES: Perspectives Interdisciplinaires sur le Travail et la Santé, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.4000/pistes.3159
64. Sesen, Y., & Gurbuz, K. (2024). Bibliographic analysis of postgraduate dissertations on the effects of factors causing organizational stress on information managers. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, 13(4), 657–684.
65. Şener, P., Onal, O., Akpinar, Ş. E., & Altınbaş, K. (2024). The effect of mobbing on the development of depression in anesthesia workers: A prospective, multicenter, observational study. Work, 77(3), 993–1004. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-230098
66. Shallcross, L., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2013). Severe workplace conflict: The experience of mobbing. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 6(3), 191–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12011
67. Stanford University. (1971). Stanford Prison Experiment. Stanford Digital Repository. Retrieved October 27, 2024, from https://exhibits.stanford.edu/spe
68. Starke, K. R., Hegewald, J., Schulz, A., Garthus-Niegel, S., Nübling, M., Wild, P. S., Arnold, N., Latza, U., Jankowiak, S., Liebers, F., Rossnagel, K., Riechmann-Wolf, M., Letzel, S., Beutel, M., Pfeiffer, N., Lackner, K., Münzel, T., & Seidler, A. (2020). Cardiovascular health outcomes of mobbing at work: Results of the population-based, five-year follow-up of the Gutenberg health study. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 15(1), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-020-00266-z
69. Türk Dil Kurumu. (2024). Bezdiri. In Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. Retrieved October 28, 2024, from https://sozluk.gov.tr/?kelime=bezdiri
70. Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği. (2024). Yıldırma (Mobbing). Retrieved October 28, 2024, from https://psikiyatri.org.tr/halka-yonelik/15/yildirma-mobbing
71. Vandekerckhove, W. & Commers, M. S. R. (2003). Downward workplace mobbing: A sign of the times? Journal of Business Ethics, 45(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024168311652
72. Vidanapathirana, M., Gomez, D., & Jayasinghe, S. (2025). Bullying in medicine: A cross-sectional study among intern doctors in Sri Lanka. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 520. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07306-4
73. Vveinhardt, J. (2011). Mobbing prevention: Complex model on the levels of individuals, organization and society. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 26(2), 164–171.
74. Vveinhardt, J. (2012). Reduction of mobbing losses by correction the codes of ethics in organizations. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 30(2), 145–151.
75. Vveinhardt, J. & Sroka, W. (2020). Mobbing and corporate social responsibility: Does the status of the organisation guarantee employee wellbeing and intentions to stay in the job? Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 11(2), 743–778. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2020.030
76. Vveinhardt, J. & Streimikiene, D. (2015). The questionnaire for diagnosing mobbing in employees’ relationships. *Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 28*(1), 441–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2015.1075415
77. Wornham, D. (2003). A descriptive investigation of morality and victimisation at work. Journal of Business Ethics, 45(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024116327582
78. Yavuz, E., Sabur, D. G., & Demirel, M. A. (2024). Scopus veri tabanında işgörenlerde mobbing konulu çalışmalara ilişkin bibliyometrik analiz incelemesi [A bibliometric analysis of studies on mobbing in employees in Scopus database]. İşletme Bilimi Dergisi, 12(3), 301–316. https://doi.org/10.22139/jobs.1529713
79. Yıldız, N. & Özkan, H. (2022). Türkiye’de turizmde mobbing ile ilgili literatürde yer alan çalışmaların bibliyometrik analizi. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 5(2), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1149660
80. Yıldız, S. M. & Güllü, S. (2022). Relationships between workplace mobbing behaviors and revenge thoughts: Empirical results from higher education institutions. Revista S&G, 17(2), 185–195.
81. Zafar, R., Abid, G., Rehmat, M., Ali, M., Hassan, Q., & Asif, M. F. (2022). So hard to say goodbye: Impact of punitive supervision on turnover intention. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 33(5–6), 614–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2021.1882844
82. Zapf, D. (1999). Organisational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910268669
83. Zawadzki, M. & Jensen, T. (2020). Bullying and the neoliberal university: A co-authored autoethnography. Management Learning, 51(4), 398–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507620920532
84. Zukauskas, P. & Vveinhardt, J. (2010). The model of managerial intervention decisions of mobbing as discrimination in employees’ relations in seeking to improve organization climate. Inžinerinė Ekonomika, 21(5), 480–489.