Research Article

An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks

Volume: 2 Number: 89 April 23, 2026
TR EN

An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks

Abstract

Global climate commitments have direct implications for labour markets. This makes it necessary to consider the link between labour and the environment within a broader systemic setting. Labour indicators and carbon emissions reflect different aspects of the same processes. For this reason, environmental variables can no longer be set aside in labour market analysis. The study focuses on Turkey and groups labour market indicators into two categories: Production-side and socioeconomic conditions. It then examines how these indicators relate to per capita carbon emissions. The analysis draws on cointegration, causality and multi-criteria decision-making approaches. The empirical work covers the period from 1990 to 2023. Several econometric tests are applied, including the ADF unit root test, the KPSS stationarity test, the Zivot-Andrews unit root test with structural breaks, the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test with structural breaks and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. In addition, MEREC and ARIE are used within the multi-criteria decision-making framework. The results are checked through the LOO procedure and sensitivity analyses. The findings show a stronger link between carbon emissions and indicators classified under the production side than those grouped under socioeconomic conditions. In the case of Turkey, carbon emissions per capita, gross domestic product per capita and labour productivity stand out as the most influential criteria. These results indicate that employment policies in Turkey cannot be designed separately from environmental sustainability goals.

Keywords

References

  1. Adesina, K. S., & Mwamba, J. W. M. (2019). Does economic freedom matter for CO2 emissions? Lessons from Africa. The Journal of Developing Area, 53(3), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2019.0044
  2. Akpınar, T. (2018). Türkiye'de işsizliğe resmi çözüm önerileri bağlamında beşeri sermaye teorisine ilişkin bir yeniden değerlendirme. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(57), 787-800. https://izlik.org/JA84HU99AF
  3. Akyazı, S., & Korkmaz, İ. (2024). Yeşil ekonomi ve insani gelişme endeksi ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. İktisadi Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(1), 34-43. https://izlik.org/JA34UM46FZ
  4. Aktaş, C. (2009). Türkiye'nin ihracat ithalat ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18, 35-47. https://izlik.org/JA29KX46KJ
  5. Aktürk, İ., & Albeni, M. (2002). Doğal afetlerin ekonomik performans üzerine etkisi: 1999 yılında Türkiye'de meydana gelen depremler ve etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 1-18. https://izlik.org/JA86MJ59GS
  6. Alimi, S. R., & Ofonyelu, C. C. (2013). Toda-Yamamoto causality test between money market interest rate and expected inflation: The Fisher hypothesis revisited. European Scientific Journal, 9(7), 124-142.
  7. Arıkan Kargı, V. S. (2025). Ranking G-20 countries by human development index using objective MCDM techniques: An integrated MEREC-EDAS approach. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1597932
  8. Arslan, H. M. (2023). Türkiye ekonomisinin çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 14(100. Yıl Özel Sayısı), 26-43. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1300286

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Employment, Labor Economics

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

April 23, 2026

Submission Date

December 2, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 8, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2 Number: 89

APA
Bulut, E. (2026). An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(89), 621-662. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1834970
AMA
1.Bulut E. An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks. Çalışma ve Toplum. 2026;2(89):621-662. doi:10.54752/ct.1834970
Chicago
Bulut, Elif. 2026. “An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks”. Çalışma Ve Toplum 2 (89): 621-62. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1834970.
EndNote
Bulut E (April 1, 2026) An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks. Çalışma ve Toplum 2 89 621–662.
IEEE
[1]E. Bulut, “An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks”, Çalışma ve Toplum, vol. 2, no. 89, pp. 621–662, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.54752/ct.1834970.
ISNAD
Bulut, Elif. “An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks”. Çalışma ve Toplum 2/89 (April 1, 2026): 621-662. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1834970.
JAMA
1.Bulut E. An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks. Çalışma ve Toplum. 2026;2:621–662.
MLA
Bulut, Elif. “An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks”. Çalışma Ve Toplum, vol. 2, no. 89, Apr. 2026, pp. 621-62, doi:10.54752/ct.1834970.
Vancouver
1.Elif Bulut. An Integrated Analysis of Labor-Environment Interactions Using Econometric Inference and Multi Criteria Decision Making Frameworks. Çalışma ve Toplum. 2026 Apr. 1;2(89):621-62. doi:10.54752/ct.1834970

muratozverister@gmail.com
dergicalismavetoplum@gmail.com
www.calismatoplum.org