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Uluslararası Kaçak İşgücü Göçlerine Yönelik Politikalar

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 30, 201 - 214, 01.01.2011

Taner Akpınar

Abstract

Gelişmiş Batılı ülkelere İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası dönemde başlayan işgücü göçleri 1970‟lerin başlarında durdurulmuştur. Bu dönemden itibaren göçmenlerin gelişine yönelik önlemler sürekli olarak artırılmıştır. Buna karşın bu ülkelere kaçak yollardan göçmen işçi akımı sürmeye devam etmiştir. Bu yazıda uluslararası işgücü göçlerini engellemeye yönelik politikalar incelenmekte ve bu tür politikalara rağmen kaçak işgücü akımının sürmesinin ortaya koyduğu çelişkiye açıklık getirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Yazıda ileri sürülen görüşler alanyazın incelemesine dayanmaktadır. Ulaşılan temel sonuç, söz konusu politikaların kaçak işgücü akımının tamamen durdurulması gibi bir amaç taşımadığı yönündedir

References

  • Baldwin-Edwards Martin, (1999), “Where Free Markets Reign: Aliens in the Twilight Zone,” Immigrants and the Informal Economy in Southern Europe, (Editors: Martin Baldwin-Edwards and Joaquin Arango), Frank Cass Publishers, London, pp. 1-15.
  • Borjas George J., (1989), “Economic Theory and International Migration,” International Migration Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 457-485.
  • Bosniak Linda S., (1991), “Human Rights, State Sovereignty and the Protection of Undocumented Migrants under the International Migrant Worker Convention,” International Migration Review, (Special Issue: U.N. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families), Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 737-770.
  • Castles Stephen, (2004), “Why migration policies fail,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 205-227.
  • Castles Stephen and Miller Mark J., (2003), The Age of Migration, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Chiswick Barry R., (2005), “The Economics of Illegal Migration for the Host Economy”, The Economics of Immigration - Selected Papers of Barry R. Chiswick, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 269-280.
  • Cornelius Wayne A., (2005), “Controlling „Unwanted‟ Immigration: Lessons from the United States, 1993-2004,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 775-794.
  • Cornelius Wayne A. and Tsuda Takeyuki, (2004), “Controlling Immigration: The Limits of Government Intervention,” Controlling Immigration - A Global Perspective (Second Edition), (Edited By Wayne A. Cornelius, Takeyuki Tsuda, Philip L. Martin, James F. Hollifield), Stanford University Pres, Stanford – California, pp. 3-48.
  • De Wenden Catherine W., (2004), “Admissions Policies in Europe,” International Migration – Prospects and Policies in a Global Market, (Edited by Douglas S. Massey and J. Edward Taylor), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 286-294.
  • Djajić Slobodan, (1997), “Illegal Immigration and Resource Allocation,” International Economic Review, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 97-117.
  • EC (European Commission), (2000), Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on a Community Immigration Policy, Brussels, COM(2000) 757 final.
  • Epstein Gil S. and Weiss Avi, (2001), A Theory of Immigration Amnesties, IZA Discussion Paper No: 302, Bonn.
  • Fraser John, (2000), “Preventing and Combating the Employment of Foreigners in an Irregular Situation in the United States,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 101-105.
  • Freeman Gary P., (1994), “Can Liberal States Control Unwanted Migration?”, ANNALS, AAPSS, 534, pp. 17-30.
  • Freeman Gary P., (1995), “Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States,” International Migration Review, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp.881-902.
  • Ghosh Bimal, (1998), Huddled Masses and Uncertain Shores – Insights into Irregular Migration, International Organization for Migration-IOM, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague – Boston – London.
  • Ghosh Bimal, (2000), “Towards a New International Regime for Olderly Movements of People,” Managing Migration - Time for a New International Regime?, (Edited by Bimal Ghosh), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 6-26.
  • Harris John R. and Todaro Michael P., (1970), “Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis,” The American Economic Review,
  • Harris Nigel, (1995), The New Untouchables - Immigration and the New World Worker, I.B.TAURIS Publishers, London.
  • Hollifield James F., (2000), “Migration and the „New‟ International Order: The Missing Regime,” Managing Migration - Time for a New International Regime?, (Edited by Bimal Ghosh), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 75- 109.
  • Hollifield James F., (2004), “Migration and International Relations: The Liberal Paradox”, Migration Between States and Markets, (Edited by Han Entzinger, Marco Martiniello, and Catherine Wihtol De Wenden), Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 3-18.
  • Iguchi Yasushi, (2000), “Illegal Migration, Overstay and Illegal Working in Japan Development of Policies and Their Evaluation,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 157-165.
  • ILO-International Labour Organization, (2004), Towards a fair deal for migrant workers in the global economy, International Labour Conference, 92nd Session, >http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc92/pdf/rep-vi.pdf<. Geneva,
  • Jahn Andreas and Straubhaar Thomas, (1999), “A Survey of the Economic of Illegal Migration,” Immigrants and the Informal Economy in Southern Europe, (Editors: Martin Baldwin-Edwards and Joaquin Arango), Frank Cass Publishers, London, pp. 16-42.
  • Jordan Bill and Düvell Franck, (2002), Irregular Migration – The Dilemmas of Transnational Mobility, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
  • Jordan Bill and Düvell Franck, (2003), Migration The Boundaries of Equality and Justice, Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Joppke Christian, (1998), “Why Liberal States Accept Unwanted Immigration,” World Politics, 50-2, pp. 266-293.
  • Martin Philip L., (2004), “Policy Responses to Unauthorized of Irregular Workers,” Forum: The Illegal Employment of Foreigners in Europe, Intereconomics, 39 (1), pp. 18-20.
  • Munck Ronaldo, (1988), The New International Labour Studies – An Introduction, Zed Books, London.
  • OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Developmet), (1979), Migration, Growth and Development, OECD, Paris.
  • OECD, (1998), “Report on the Temporary Employment of Foreigners in Several OECD Countries,” Trends in International Migration Annual Report, SOPEMI, Paris, pp. 185-200.
  • OECD, (2000), Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 137-182.
  • OECD, (2003), Trends in International Migration, Annual Report 2002, SOPEMI, Paris.
  • Overbeek Henk, (2000), “Globalization, Sovereignty, and Transnational Regulation: Reshaping the Governance of International Migration,” Managing Migration - Time for a New International Regime?, (Edited by Bimal Ghosh), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 48-74.
  • Papademetriou Demetrios G. and Yale-Loehr Stephen, (1996), Balancing Interests: Rethinking U.S. Selection Skilled Immigrants, International Migration Policy Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Washington D.C.
  • Peker Y. Bülent, (2002), “ „Kaçak Göçmenler,‟ „yasadışı‟ insanlar: Yeni köleci dünya düzeninde Türkiye,” Birikim, 154, s. 48-55.
  • Portes Alejandro and Walton John, (1981), Labor, Class, and the International System, Academic Press, New York.
  • Riedel Viktor, (2000), “Measures Undertaken to Combat the Employment of Foreigners in an Irregular Situation in Austria,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 139-142.
  • Robin Sophie and Barros Lucile, (2000), “Review and Evaluation of the Measures Implemented in OECD Member Countries,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 81-100.
  • Rothstein Richard, (1994), “Immigration Dilemmas”, Arguing Immigration - Are New Immigrants A Wealth of Diversity or A Crushing Burden?, (Edited by Nicolaus Mills), New York, pp. 48-63.
  • Sassen Saskia, (1996), Losing Control? Sovereignty in an age of globalization, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Sjaastad Larry A., (1962), “The Costs and Returns of Human Migration,” The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 80-93.
  • Stalker Peter, (1994), The Work of Strangers: A Survey of International Labour Migration, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Straubhaar Thomas, (2000), “Why Do We Need a General Agreement onMovements of People (GAMP)?,” Managing Migration - Time for a New International Regime?, (Edited by Bimal Ghosh), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 110-136.
  • Straubhaar Thomas and Zimmermann Klaus F., (1993), “Towards a European migration policy”, Population Research and Policy Review, 12, pp. 225- 241.
  • Tapinos Georges, (2000), “Irregular Migration: Economic and Political Issues,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 13-43.
  • Todaro Michael P., (1969), “A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries,” The American Economic Review,
  • Todaro Michael P. and Maruszko Lydia, (1987), “Illegal Migration and US Immigration Reform: A Conceptual Framework,” Population and Development, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 101-114.
  • Uğur Mehmet, (2000), Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye – Bir Dayanak/İnandırıcılık İkilemi, Everest Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • UN (United Nations), (2001), Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?, Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Secretariat, New York.
  • UN, (2004), World Economic and Social Survey: International Migration, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York.
  • Vaupel Suzanne and Martin Philip L., (1987), “Evaluating Employer Sanctions: Farm Labor Contractor Experience,” Industrial Relations, Vol, 26, No. 3, pp. 304-313.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel (1996), „The Global Picture, 1945-90,‟ The Age of Transition – Trajectory of the World-System 1945-2025, (Terence K. Hopkins, Immanuel Wallerstein et al.), London: Zed Books, 210-225.
  • Wallerstein Immanuel, (2000), “Küresel Resim: 1940-1990”, Geçiş Çağı - Dünya Siteminin Yörüngesi 1945-2025, (Editörler Terence K. Hopkins ve Immanuel Wallerstein), (Çevirenler: Nuri Ersoy, Ender Abadoğlu, Orhan Akalın ve Yücel Kaya), Avesta Yayınları, İstanbul, s. 263-283.
  • Watts Julie R., (1999), “Italian and Spanish Labour Leaders‟ Unconventional Immigration Policy Preferences,” Immigrants and the Informal Economy in Southern Europe, (Editors: Martin Baldwin-Edwards and Joaquin Arango), Frank Cass Publishers, London, pp. 129-148.
  • Weiner Myron, (1996), “Ethics, National Sovereignty and the Control of İmmigration,” International Migration Review, (Special Issue: Ethnics, Migration, and Global Stewardship), 30-1, pp. 171-197.

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 30, 201 - 214, 01.01.2011

Taner Akpınar

Abstract

The flows of international labor migration to developed western countries after World War II was stopped in the early 1970s. Legal obstacles to international labour migration has risen from 1970s onwards. However, the flows of migrant workers to industrialized countries has been continuing illegally. In this argumentative essay based on literature I evaluated the policies combating the flows of illegal migrant workers and sought the reason why the policies fail. My main argument is that the immigration enforcements including border controls and employer sanctions have been manipulated to solve labor shortage problem

References

  • Baldwin-Edwards Martin, (1999), “Where Free Markets Reign: Aliens in the Twilight Zone,” Immigrants and the Informal Economy in Southern Europe, (Editors: Martin Baldwin-Edwards and Joaquin Arango), Frank Cass Publishers, London, pp. 1-15.
  • Borjas George J., (1989), “Economic Theory and International Migration,” International Migration Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 457-485.
  • Bosniak Linda S., (1991), “Human Rights, State Sovereignty and the Protection of Undocumented Migrants under the International Migrant Worker Convention,” International Migration Review, (Special Issue: U.N. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families), Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 737-770.
  • Castles Stephen, (2004), “Why migration policies fail,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 205-227.
  • Castles Stephen and Miller Mark J., (2003), The Age of Migration, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Chiswick Barry R., (2005), “The Economics of Illegal Migration for the Host Economy”, The Economics of Immigration - Selected Papers of Barry R. Chiswick, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 269-280.
  • Cornelius Wayne A., (2005), “Controlling „Unwanted‟ Immigration: Lessons from the United States, 1993-2004,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 775-794.
  • Cornelius Wayne A. and Tsuda Takeyuki, (2004), “Controlling Immigration: The Limits of Government Intervention,” Controlling Immigration - A Global Perspective (Second Edition), (Edited By Wayne A. Cornelius, Takeyuki Tsuda, Philip L. Martin, James F. Hollifield), Stanford University Pres, Stanford – California, pp. 3-48.
  • De Wenden Catherine W., (2004), “Admissions Policies in Europe,” International Migration – Prospects and Policies in a Global Market, (Edited by Douglas S. Massey and J. Edward Taylor), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 286-294.
  • Djajić Slobodan, (1997), “Illegal Immigration and Resource Allocation,” International Economic Review, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 97-117.
  • EC (European Commission), (2000), Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on a Community Immigration Policy, Brussels, COM(2000) 757 final.
  • Epstein Gil S. and Weiss Avi, (2001), A Theory of Immigration Amnesties, IZA Discussion Paper No: 302, Bonn.
  • Fraser John, (2000), “Preventing and Combating the Employment of Foreigners in an Irregular Situation in the United States,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 101-105.
  • Freeman Gary P., (1994), “Can Liberal States Control Unwanted Migration?”, ANNALS, AAPSS, 534, pp. 17-30.
  • Freeman Gary P., (1995), “Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States,” International Migration Review, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp.881-902.
  • Ghosh Bimal, (1998), Huddled Masses and Uncertain Shores – Insights into Irregular Migration, International Organization for Migration-IOM, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague – Boston – London.
  • Ghosh Bimal, (2000), “Towards a New International Regime for Olderly Movements of People,” Managing Migration - Time for a New International Regime?, (Edited by Bimal Ghosh), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 6-26.
  • Harris John R. and Todaro Michael P., (1970), “Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis,” The American Economic Review,
  • Harris Nigel, (1995), The New Untouchables - Immigration and the New World Worker, I.B.TAURIS Publishers, London.
  • Hollifield James F., (2000), “Migration and the „New‟ International Order: The Missing Regime,” Managing Migration - Time for a New International Regime?, (Edited by Bimal Ghosh), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 75- 109.
  • Hollifield James F., (2004), “Migration and International Relations: The Liberal Paradox”, Migration Between States and Markets, (Edited by Han Entzinger, Marco Martiniello, and Catherine Wihtol De Wenden), Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 3-18.
  • Iguchi Yasushi, (2000), “Illegal Migration, Overstay and Illegal Working in Japan Development of Policies and Their Evaluation,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 157-165.
  • ILO-International Labour Organization, (2004), Towards a fair deal for migrant workers in the global economy, International Labour Conference, 92nd Session, >http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc92/pdf/rep-vi.pdf<. Geneva,
  • Jahn Andreas and Straubhaar Thomas, (1999), “A Survey of the Economic of Illegal Migration,” Immigrants and the Informal Economy in Southern Europe, (Editors: Martin Baldwin-Edwards and Joaquin Arango), Frank Cass Publishers, London, pp. 16-42.
  • Jordan Bill and Düvell Franck, (2002), Irregular Migration – The Dilemmas of Transnational Mobility, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
  • Jordan Bill and Düvell Franck, (2003), Migration The Boundaries of Equality and Justice, Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Joppke Christian, (1998), “Why Liberal States Accept Unwanted Immigration,” World Politics, 50-2, pp. 266-293.
  • Martin Philip L., (2004), “Policy Responses to Unauthorized of Irregular Workers,” Forum: The Illegal Employment of Foreigners in Europe, Intereconomics, 39 (1), pp. 18-20.
  • Munck Ronaldo, (1988), The New International Labour Studies – An Introduction, Zed Books, London.
  • OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Developmet), (1979), Migration, Growth and Development, OECD, Paris.
  • OECD, (1998), “Report on the Temporary Employment of Foreigners in Several OECD Countries,” Trends in International Migration Annual Report, SOPEMI, Paris, pp. 185-200.
  • OECD, (2000), Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 137-182.
  • OECD, (2003), Trends in International Migration, Annual Report 2002, SOPEMI, Paris.
  • Overbeek Henk, (2000), “Globalization, Sovereignty, and Transnational Regulation: Reshaping the Governance of International Migration,” Managing Migration - Time for a New International Regime?, (Edited by Bimal Ghosh), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 48-74.
  • Papademetriou Demetrios G. and Yale-Loehr Stephen, (1996), Balancing Interests: Rethinking U.S. Selection Skilled Immigrants, International Migration Policy Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Washington D.C.
  • Peker Y. Bülent, (2002), “ „Kaçak Göçmenler,‟ „yasadışı‟ insanlar: Yeni köleci dünya düzeninde Türkiye,” Birikim, 154, s. 48-55.
  • Portes Alejandro and Walton John, (1981), Labor, Class, and the International System, Academic Press, New York.
  • Riedel Viktor, (2000), “Measures Undertaken to Combat the Employment of Foreigners in an Irregular Situation in Austria,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 139-142.
  • Robin Sophie and Barros Lucile, (2000), “Review and Evaluation of the Measures Implemented in OECD Member Countries,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 81-100.
  • Rothstein Richard, (1994), “Immigration Dilemmas”, Arguing Immigration - Are New Immigrants A Wealth of Diversity or A Crushing Burden?, (Edited by Nicolaus Mills), New York, pp. 48-63.
  • Sassen Saskia, (1996), Losing Control? Sovereignty in an age of globalization, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Sjaastad Larry A., (1962), “The Costs and Returns of Human Migration,” The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 80-93.
  • Stalker Peter, (1994), The Work of Strangers: A Survey of International Labour Migration, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Straubhaar Thomas, (2000), “Why Do We Need a General Agreement onMovements of People (GAMP)?,” Managing Migration - Time for a New International Regime?, (Edited by Bimal Ghosh), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 110-136.
  • Straubhaar Thomas and Zimmermann Klaus F., (1993), “Towards a European migration policy”, Population Research and Policy Review, 12, pp. 225- 241.
  • Tapinos Georges, (2000), “Irregular Migration: Economic and Political Issues,” Combating the Illegal Employment of Foreign Workers, OECD, Paris, pp. 13-43.
  • Todaro Michael P., (1969), “A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries,” The American Economic Review,
  • Todaro Michael P. and Maruszko Lydia, (1987), “Illegal Migration and US Immigration Reform: A Conceptual Framework,” Population and Development, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 101-114.
  • Uğur Mehmet, (2000), Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye – Bir Dayanak/İnandırıcılık İkilemi, Everest Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • UN (United Nations), (2001), Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?, Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Secretariat, New York.
  • UN, (2004), World Economic and Social Survey: International Migration, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York.
  • Vaupel Suzanne and Martin Philip L., (1987), “Evaluating Employer Sanctions: Farm Labor Contractor Experience,” Industrial Relations, Vol, 26, No. 3, pp. 304-313.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel (1996), „The Global Picture, 1945-90,‟ The Age of Transition – Trajectory of the World-System 1945-2025, (Terence K. Hopkins, Immanuel Wallerstein et al.), London: Zed Books, 210-225.
  • Wallerstein Immanuel, (2000), “Küresel Resim: 1940-1990”, Geçiş Çağı - Dünya Siteminin Yörüngesi 1945-2025, (Editörler Terence K. Hopkins ve Immanuel Wallerstein), (Çevirenler: Nuri Ersoy, Ender Abadoğlu, Orhan Akalın ve Yücel Kaya), Avesta Yayınları, İstanbul, s. 263-283.
  • Watts Julie R., (1999), “Italian and Spanish Labour Leaders‟ Unconventional Immigration Policy Preferences,” Immigrants and the Informal Economy in Southern Europe, (Editors: Martin Baldwin-Edwards and Joaquin Arango), Frank Cass Publishers, London, pp. 129-148.
  • Weiner Myron, (1996), “Ethics, National Sovereignty and the Control of İmmigration,” International Migration Review, (Special Issue: Ethnics, Migration, and Global Stewardship), 30-1, pp. 171-197.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Taner Akpınar This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 3 Issue: 30

Cite

APA Akpınar, T. (2011). Uluslararası Kaçak İşgücü Göçlerine Yönelik Politikalar. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 3(30), 201-214.

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