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Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de “Cinsiyet” Eşitliği Politikaları: Sol-Feminist Bir Eleştiri

Year 2011, Volume: 2 Issue: 29, 13 - 54, 01.01.2011

Abstract

Bu yazı, sol-feminist bir yaklaşımla ve AB ve Türkiye’deki eşitlik politikalarının sosyo-ekonomik sonuçlarını dikkate alarak, cinsiyet eşitliği politikalarının küreselleşen kapitalizm ve neo-liberal politikalar karşısındaki konumunu tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Kadınlara Karşı Her Tür Ayırımcılığın Önlenmesi Sözleşmesi’nin kabulü ve cinsiyet eşitliğinin BM ve AB tarafından anakımlaşmaya konu edilmesiyle birlikte, cinsiyet eşitliğinin yalnız feminist bir talep değil ulus devletin hedeflerinden biri haline geldiği biliniyor. Fakat AB çevresinde eşitlik politikalarının anaakımlaşmasıyla ilgili tartışmalar genellikle politikaların yetersizliğine işaret ederken, ancak kurumsallaşmış refah devletinin toplumsal yapı ve ilişkilerde cinsiyete duyarlı kural ve uygulamaları hayata geçirmeye elverişli koşullar sunabildiğini ortaya koymakta. Öte yandan gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ve Türkiye’de kadının kötüleşen koşullarının, eşitlik politikalarının küresel kapitalizm karşısındaki zayıflığını daha da görülür hale getirdiği görülmekte. Daha önemli olan ise, yalnız kadın ve erkek arasında değil, bütün dünyada kadınlar arasındaki eşitsizliklerin artmasıdır. Sonuç olarak tüm bunların, feministler için, eğer feminizmin ilkeleriyle tutarlı kalmak ve sosyal/küresel düzeyde kadınlar arasında dayanışma oluşturulmak istenirse, eşitlik politikalarının yetersizliğini kapitalist sistem ve ekonomi politikalarının mantığı ile ilişkilendirme ihtiyacını doğurduğuna da kuşku yok

References

  • Akın, Ayşe (2008), Kadının Statüsü ve Sağlığı ile İlgili Gerçekler, KSGM, www.ksgm.gov.tr/
  • Baer, Judith A. (2010), Why Feminism and Liberalism Need Each Other: The Case for Reconciliation”, Paper for The Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, September 1-5; http//papers.ssrn.com/
  • Borchorst, Anette (2010), “The Danish Boar of Equal Treatment”, Hearing on and independent center of gender equality, Christiansborg (10. February, 2010), www.epa.aau.dk/fileadmin/CCWS
  • Daly Mary (2005), “Gender Mainstreaming in Theory and Practice”, Social Politics, 12 (3); 433-450.
  • Dietmar, Rauch (2007), “Is There Really Scandinavian Social Service Model?: A Comparison of Childcare and Elderlycare in six European Countries”, Acta Sociologica, 50 (3); 249-269.
  • Ecevit, Yıldız (2010), “Akademik Bir Alan Olarak Kadın Çalışmaları: Karşılaştırmalı, Feminist, Eleştirel Bir bakış”, 21. Yüzyılın Eşiğinde Kadınlar: Değişim ve Güçlenme, (der.) Füsun Döşkaya, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Uluslararası Multidisipliner Kadın Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı 1. Cilt, İzmir.
  • Ecevit, Yıldız (2007), “Türkiye’de Kadın Emeği ve İstihdam Alanında Yapılmış Çalışmaların Değerlendirilmesi”, Kadın Emeği ve İstihdam Toplantısı Raporu, (der.) Serap Güre, Kadınlarla Dayanışma Vakfı-FES Yayını, İstanbul.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), The Three Worlds Of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
  • Estevez-Abe, Margarita (2009), “Gender, Inequality, and Capitalism: The ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ and Women”, Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org/; 182-191.
  • EU (2009), “Longer parental leave and incentives for fathers agreed by EU Ministers”, EU Press Releases, http://europa.eu/pressreleases/
  • EU (2000), “Towards a Community Framework Strategy on Gender Equality” (2001-2005), Communication from the Commision , http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/
  • EWL (2010), “From Beijing to Brussels: an Unfinished Journey”, European Women’s Lobby, www.womenlobby.org/
  • Folbre, Nancy (2008), “Reforming Care”, Politics and Society, 36 (3); 373-387.
  • Folbre, Nancy (2009), “Varieties of Patriarchal Capitalism”, Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org/; 204-209.
  • Fraser, Nancy (2008), “Pragmatizm, Feminizm ve Dilsel Dönemeç”, Çatışan Feminizmler, (der.), Seyla Benhabib; Judith Butler; Drucilla Cornell; Nancy Fraser, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Gannon, Brenda; Plasman, Robert; Rycx, François; Tojerow, Ilan (2005), “Inter-industry Wage Differntials and the Gender Gap; Evidence from Europğean Copuntries”, IZA Discussion Papers, www.iza.org/
  • Gelb, Joyce, (1990), Feminism and Politics; A Comparative Perspective, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Hardt, M.; Negri, A. (2003), Dionysos’un Emeği, Devlet Biçiminin Bir Eleştirisi, Çev. Ertuğrul Başer, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Held, Virginia (2004), “Care and Justice in the Global Context”, Ratio Juris, 17 (2); 141-155.
  • Inter-Parliemantary Union (2008), Equality in Politics: A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments, IPU; www.ipu.org/
  • Kadıoğlu, Ayşe (1999), “Cinselliğin İnkârı: Büyük Toplumsal Projelerin Nesnesi Olarak Türk Kadınları”, 75 Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler, Tarih Vakfı. İstanbul; 89-100.
  • Kalsem, Kristin; Williams, Verna L. (2008), “Social Justice Feminism”, University of Cincinati Researh Papers, http://ssrn.com/
  • Kesler-Harris, Alice (2003), “In Pursuit of Economic Citizenship”, Social Politics, 10 (2), sp.oxfordjournals.org; 158-175.
  • Koray Meryem (2005), Avrupa Toplum Modeli, İmge Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Koray, Meryem (1998), “Türkiye Kadın Hareketinin Soru ve Sorunları”, 75 Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler, Tarih Vakfı. İstanbul; 361-375.
  • KSGMa ( 2008), Türkiye’de Kadının Durumu; www.ksgm.gov.tr/
  • KSGMb (2008), Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Eylem Planı 2008—2013; www.ksgm.gov.tr/
  • KSGMc, (2008), Birleşmiş Milletler CEDAW Komitesine sunulmak üzere hazırlanan Altıncı Periyodik Türkiye Raporu; www.ksgm.gov.tr/
  • Lewis Jane; Campbell, Mary; Huerta, Carmen (2008), “Patterns of paid and unpaid in Western Europe: gender, commodification, preferences anrfd the implications for policy”, Journal of European Social Policy, 18 (1); 21-37.
  • Lewis, Jane (2003), “Economic Citizenship: A comment”, Social Politics 10 (2), sp.oxfordjournals.org; 176-185.
  • Lewis, Jane (2000), “Gender and Welfare Regimes”, Rethinking Social Policy, (der.) Gail Lewis; Sharon Gewirtz; John Clarke, Sage Publications.
  • Lewis, Gail (2000), “Introduction: Expanding the Social Policy Imaginary”, Rethinking Social Policy, (der.) Gail Lewis; Sharon Gewirtz; John Clarke, Sage Publications.
  • Lister, Ruth (2000), “Gender and the Analysis of Social Policy”, Rethinking Social Policy, Sage Publications.
  • Lodovici, Manuela Samek (2003), “The Dynamics of Labour Market Reform in European Countries”, Why Deregulate Labour Markets? (der.) Gosta Esping–Andersen; Marino Regini, Oxford Uni. Pres.
  • Maher, Kristen Hill (2004), “Globalized Social Production”, People Out of Place (der.) Alison Brysk; Gershon Shafir, Rotledge; 131-151.
  • McCall, Leslie; Orloff; Ann (2005), Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org; 159-169.
  • Mandel, Hadas; Michael Shalev (2009), “Gender, Class, and Varieties of Capitalism”, Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org; 161-181
  • Morgan, Kimberly J. (2008), “The Political Path to a Dual Earner/Dual Carer Society: Pitfalss and Possibilities” Politics and Society, 36 (3); 403-420.
  • Mossesdottir, Lilja (2002), “Moving Europe towards the Dual Breadwinner Model”, Research Paper, Bilfröst School of Business, www.bilfröst.is/
  • Nelson, Julie A. (2005), “Rationality and Humanity: A View from Feminist Economics”, Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper, http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae
  • Nelson, Julie A. (2010), “Care Ethics and Markets: A View from Feminist Economics”, Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper, http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae
  • Özkaplan, Nurcan (2009), “Duygusal Emek ve Kadın İşi/Erkek İşi”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 2; 15-23.
  • Palier, Bruno (2004), “The Europeanistion of Welfare Reforms”, Paper presented at Cost Conference, 20-22 May 2004, http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/msh/costa15/
  • Perrons, Diane (2005), “Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality in the New (Market) Economy: An Analysis of Contradictions”, Social Politics, sp.oxfordjournals.org; 389-411.
  • Savran, Sungur (2006), “AB’nin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Politikaları”, Birikim, 204; 40-54.
  • Soskice, David (2005), “Varieties of Capitalism and Cross-National Gender Differences”, Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org; 170-179.
  • Tekeli, Şirin (1998), “Birinci ve İkinci Dalga Feminist Hareketlerin Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi Üzerine Bir Deneme”, 75 Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler, Tarih Vakfı. İstanbul; 337-346.
  • UNDP (2010), Human Development Report, http:/hdr.undp.org/
  • UN (2009), World Survey on the Role of Women in Development, 2009; www.un.org/
  • UNDP (2006), Gender Equality: Evaluation of Gender Mainstreaming in UNDP, www.undp.org/
  • Walby, Sylvia (2004), “The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Rejime” Social Politics 11 (4); 4-29.
  • Walby, Sylvia (2005), “Gender Mainstreaming: Productive Tensions in Theory and Practice” Social Politics, 12 (3); 321-343
  • Weisman, Deborah M. Weissman (2009), “Gender and Human Rights: Between Morals and Politics”, UNC Legal Studies Research Paper, No 1655902; http//papers.ssrn.com/
Year 2011, Volume: 2 Issue: 29, 13 - 54, 01.01.2011

Abstract

This article mainly aims to discuss the position of the globalized gender equality policies versus globalized capitalism and neo-liberal economic policies from a left-feminist perspective, and by taking into consideration the socio-economic results of the policies in the EU and in Turkey. It is known that, after the approval of CEDAW and with the acceptance of gender mainstreaming as a political strategy by the United Nations, and European Union, gender equality became one of the aims of the national states, not only a feminist demand. But, while the debates related to the gender mainstreaming in the EU indicate in general the inefficiency of the policies, just put in light that well institutionalized welfare states seem available to implement gender-sensitive norms and practices in the social structures and relations. On the other hand the worsening conditions of women in all developing countries and in Turkey make more clarified the weakness of the equality policies versus globalized capitalism. What is more important is that, not only inequality between woman and man, but also inequalities between women in all over the world increase. Consequently, it is out of doubt that all of these results specify the need to relate the insufficiencies of the equality policies with the logic of capitalist system and the economic policies for feminists, if it is wanted to be consistent with the principles of feminism, and to create a social and global solidarity among women

References

  • Akın, Ayşe (2008), Kadının Statüsü ve Sağlığı ile İlgili Gerçekler, KSGM, www.ksgm.gov.tr/
  • Baer, Judith A. (2010), Why Feminism and Liberalism Need Each Other: The Case for Reconciliation”, Paper for The Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, September 1-5; http//papers.ssrn.com/
  • Borchorst, Anette (2010), “The Danish Boar of Equal Treatment”, Hearing on and independent center of gender equality, Christiansborg (10. February, 2010), www.epa.aau.dk/fileadmin/CCWS
  • Daly Mary (2005), “Gender Mainstreaming in Theory and Practice”, Social Politics, 12 (3); 433-450.
  • Dietmar, Rauch (2007), “Is There Really Scandinavian Social Service Model?: A Comparison of Childcare and Elderlycare in six European Countries”, Acta Sociologica, 50 (3); 249-269.
  • Ecevit, Yıldız (2010), “Akademik Bir Alan Olarak Kadın Çalışmaları: Karşılaştırmalı, Feminist, Eleştirel Bir bakış”, 21. Yüzyılın Eşiğinde Kadınlar: Değişim ve Güçlenme, (der.) Füsun Döşkaya, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Uluslararası Multidisipliner Kadın Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı 1. Cilt, İzmir.
  • Ecevit, Yıldız (2007), “Türkiye’de Kadın Emeği ve İstihdam Alanında Yapılmış Çalışmaların Değerlendirilmesi”, Kadın Emeği ve İstihdam Toplantısı Raporu, (der.) Serap Güre, Kadınlarla Dayanışma Vakfı-FES Yayını, İstanbul.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), The Three Worlds Of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
  • Estevez-Abe, Margarita (2009), “Gender, Inequality, and Capitalism: The ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ and Women”, Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org/; 182-191.
  • EU (2009), “Longer parental leave and incentives for fathers agreed by EU Ministers”, EU Press Releases, http://europa.eu/pressreleases/
  • EU (2000), “Towards a Community Framework Strategy on Gender Equality” (2001-2005), Communication from the Commision , http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/
  • EWL (2010), “From Beijing to Brussels: an Unfinished Journey”, European Women’s Lobby, www.womenlobby.org/
  • Folbre, Nancy (2008), “Reforming Care”, Politics and Society, 36 (3); 373-387.
  • Folbre, Nancy (2009), “Varieties of Patriarchal Capitalism”, Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org/; 204-209.
  • Fraser, Nancy (2008), “Pragmatizm, Feminizm ve Dilsel Dönemeç”, Çatışan Feminizmler, (der.), Seyla Benhabib; Judith Butler; Drucilla Cornell; Nancy Fraser, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Gannon, Brenda; Plasman, Robert; Rycx, François; Tojerow, Ilan (2005), “Inter-industry Wage Differntials and the Gender Gap; Evidence from Europğean Copuntries”, IZA Discussion Papers, www.iza.org/
  • Gelb, Joyce, (1990), Feminism and Politics; A Comparative Perspective, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Hardt, M.; Negri, A. (2003), Dionysos’un Emeği, Devlet Biçiminin Bir Eleştirisi, Çev. Ertuğrul Başer, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Held, Virginia (2004), “Care and Justice in the Global Context”, Ratio Juris, 17 (2); 141-155.
  • Inter-Parliemantary Union (2008), Equality in Politics: A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments, IPU; www.ipu.org/
  • Kadıoğlu, Ayşe (1999), “Cinselliğin İnkârı: Büyük Toplumsal Projelerin Nesnesi Olarak Türk Kadınları”, 75 Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler, Tarih Vakfı. İstanbul; 89-100.
  • Kalsem, Kristin; Williams, Verna L. (2008), “Social Justice Feminism”, University of Cincinati Researh Papers, http://ssrn.com/
  • Kesler-Harris, Alice (2003), “In Pursuit of Economic Citizenship”, Social Politics, 10 (2), sp.oxfordjournals.org; 158-175.
  • Koray Meryem (2005), Avrupa Toplum Modeli, İmge Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Koray, Meryem (1998), “Türkiye Kadın Hareketinin Soru ve Sorunları”, 75 Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler, Tarih Vakfı. İstanbul; 361-375.
  • KSGMa ( 2008), Türkiye’de Kadının Durumu; www.ksgm.gov.tr/
  • KSGMb (2008), Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Eylem Planı 2008—2013; www.ksgm.gov.tr/
  • KSGMc, (2008), Birleşmiş Milletler CEDAW Komitesine sunulmak üzere hazırlanan Altıncı Periyodik Türkiye Raporu; www.ksgm.gov.tr/
  • Lewis Jane; Campbell, Mary; Huerta, Carmen (2008), “Patterns of paid and unpaid in Western Europe: gender, commodification, preferences anrfd the implications for policy”, Journal of European Social Policy, 18 (1); 21-37.
  • Lewis, Jane (2003), “Economic Citizenship: A comment”, Social Politics 10 (2), sp.oxfordjournals.org; 176-185.
  • Lewis, Jane (2000), “Gender and Welfare Regimes”, Rethinking Social Policy, (der.) Gail Lewis; Sharon Gewirtz; John Clarke, Sage Publications.
  • Lewis, Gail (2000), “Introduction: Expanding the Social Policy Imaginary”, Rethinking Social Policy, (der.) Gail Lewis; Sharon Gewirtz; John Clarke, Sage Publications.
  • Lister, Ruth (2000), “Gender and the Analysis of Social Policy”, Rethinking Social Policy, Sage Publications.
  • Lodovici, Manuela Samek (2003), “The Dynamics of Labour Market Reform in European Countries”, Why Deregulate Labour Markets? (der.) Gosta Esping–Andersen; Marino Regini, Oxford Uni. Pres.
  • Maher, Kristen Hill (2004), “Globalized Social Production”, People Out of Place (der.) Alison Brysk; Gershon Shafir, Rotledge; 131-151.
  • McCall, Leslie; Orloff; Ann (2005), Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org; 159-169.
  • Mandel, Hadas; Michael Shalev (2009), “Gender, Class, and Varieties of Capitalism”, Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org; 161-181
  • Morgan, Kimberly J. (2008), “The Political Path to a Dual Earner/Dual Carer Society: Pitfalss and Possibilities” Politics and Society, 36 (3); 403-420.
  • Mossesdottir, Lilja (2002), “Moving Europe towards the Dual Breadwinner Model”, Research Paper, Bilfröst School of Business, www.bilfröst.is/
  • Nelson, Julie A. (2005), “Rationality and Humanity: A View from Feminist Economics”, Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper, http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae
  • Nelson, Julie A. (2010), “Care Ethics and Markets: A View from Feminist Economics”, Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper, http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae
  • Özkaplan, Nurcan (2009), “Duygusal Emek ve Kadın İşi/Erkek İşi”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 2; 15-23.
  • Palier, Bruno (2004), “The Europeanistion of Welfare Reforms”, Paper presented at Cost Conference, 20-22 May 2004, http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/msh/costa15/
  • Perrons, Diane (2005), “Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality in the New (Market) Economy: An Analysis of Contradictions”, Social Politics, sp.oxfordjournals.org; 389-411.
  • Savran, Sungur (2006), “AB’nin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Politikaları”, Birikim, 204; 40-54.
  • Soskice, David (2005), “Varieties of Capitalism and Cross-National Gender Differences”, Social Politics, Summer, sp.oxfordjournals.org; 170-179.
  • Tekeli, Şirin (1998), “Birinci ve İkinci Dalga Feminist Hareketlerin Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi Üzerine Bir Deneme”, 75 Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler, Tarih Vakfı. İstanbul; 337-346.
  • UNDP (2010), Human Development Report, http:/hdr.undp.org/
  • UN (2009), World Survey on the Role of Women in Development, 2009; www.un.org/
  • UNDP (2006), Gender Equality: Evaluation of Gender Mainstreaming in UNDP, www.undp.org/
  • Walby, Sylvia (2004), “The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Rejime” Social Politics 11 (4); 4-29.
  • Walby, Sylvia (2005), “Gender Mainstreaming: Productive Tensions in Theory and Practice” Social Politics, 12 (3); 321-343
  • Weisman, Deborah M. Weissman (2009), “Gender and Human Rights: Between Morals and Politics”, UNC Legal Studies Research Paper, No 1655902; http//papers.ssrn.com/
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Meryem Koray This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 2 Issue: 29

Cite

APA Koray, M. (2011). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de “Cinsiyet” Eşitliği Politikaları: Sol-Feminist Bir Eleştiri. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(29), 13-54.
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