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Hollanda’da Kadınların Kısmi Süreli İstihdamı ve Etkileri

Year 2011, Volume: 2 Issue: 29, 129 - 163, 01.01.2011

Recep Kapar

Abstract

Hollanda’da kısmi süreli istihdam geçen 30 yıl içinde önemli derecedeartmış ve en yaygın çalışma biçimlerinden biri haline gelmiştir.Hollanda’da kısmi süreli kadın istihdam oranı diğer OECDülkelerindekinden yüksektir. Bu ülkede çalışan dört kadından üçükısmi süreli çalışmaktadır. 2009 yılında kadınların kısmi süreli çalışmaoranı yüzde 75,8 erkeklerinkinden yüzde 24,9 üç kat daha fazladır. Hollanda’da kadınların kısmi süreli istihdam oranı artarken, hane yapısı tek gelir getiren erkek modelinden erkeğin tam zamanlı kadının ise kısmi süreli çalıştığı modele doğru değişmektedir. Sınırlı ücret artışları ve iş paylaşımı 1980’li yıllardan bu yana Hollanda modelinin merkezinde yer almaktadır. Hollanda’da kısmi süreli çalışma tam süreli çalışma gibi güvenceli ve devamlı olduğu için çoğu zaman eğreti çalışma olarak kabul edilmez. Fakat çoğunlukla kadınların çalıştığı aşırı a-tipik ve aşırı kısmi süreli işler güvencesiz, düşük ücretli, gelip geçici ve eğretidir. Gönülsüz kısmi süreli istihdam oranı düşük olmakla birlikte, kısmi süreli istihdamın uzun dönemli olumsuz etkilerinin üstesinden bütünüyle gelinememiştir. Aynı zamanda, istihdam geçişkenliklerinde cinsiyete dayalı eşitsizlik varlığını sürdürmekte ve kadınlar erkeklerden dikkate değer biçimde daha az gelir elde etmektedir. Emeklilik geliri, kariyer gelişimi, yoksulluk riski ve kadının ekonomik bağımsızlılığı üzerinde kısmi süreli çalışmanın olumsuz etkileri vardır

Keywords

Hollanda Kısmi süreli istihdam Kadınlar Ekonomik ve sosyal etkiler

References

  • Allaart, Piet-Bellmann, Lutz (2007), “Reasons for part-time work: an empirical analysis for Germany and The Netherlands,” International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 28 No. 7, s. 557–570.
  • Becker, Uwe (2001), “A ‘Dutch Model’: Employment Growth by Corporatist Consensus andWage Restraint? A Critical Account of an Idyllic View, New Political Economy, Vol. 6, No. 1.
  • Booth Alison L.-Van Ours, Jan C. (2010), Part-Time Jobs: What Women Want? IZA Discussion Paper No. 4686.
  • Bovenberg, Lans-Wilthagen, Ton (2008), “On the Road to Flexicurity: Dutch proposals for a pathway towards better transition security and higher labour market mobility,” European Journal of Social Security, Vol. 10, No. 4, s. 325–346.
  • Bovenberg, Lans-Wilthagen, Ton–Bekker, Sonja (2008), “Flexicurity: Lessons and Proposals from the Netherlands,” CESifo DICE Report 4/2008, p. 9–14.
  • Broughton, Andrea-Biletta, Isabella-Kullander, Mats (2010), Flexible forms of work: ‘very atypical’ contractual arrangements, Comparative study, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Burri, Susanne (2006), “Flexibility and Security, Working Time, and WorkFamily Policies,” Precarious Work, Women and the New Economy: The Challenge to
  • Legal Norms, Ed. by Judy Fudge-Rosemary Owens, Oñati International Series in Law and Society, Hart Publishing, s. 305-328.
  • Burri, Susanne D. (2009), The Netherlands: Precarious employment in a context of flexicurity, GWD/CPD Working Paper Series, [http://www.genderwork.ca/cpdworkingpapers/burri.pdf]. (28.02.2011)
  • Cuesta, Maite Blazquez-Martin, Nuria Elena Ramos (2009), “Part-time employment: a comparative analysis of Spain and the Netherlands,” European Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 28, No. 3, s. 223–256.
  • Dulk, den Laura (2005, “Flexible work arrangements and the employment of women: a Dutch perspective Statements and Comments,” Peer Review- Peer country comment papers, (26–27 May).
  • EC (2010), Employment in Europe 2010, European Commission DirectorateGeneral for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Publications Office of the European Union, Brussels.
  • EUROFOUND (2007), Gender and career development, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, [http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2007/23/en/1/ef0723en.pdf]. (28.02.2011)
  • EUROSTAT (2011), Employment by sex, age groups and economic activity (from 2008, NACE rev.2), [http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupModifyTableLayout.do]. (28.02.2011)
  • Euwals, Rob–Hogerbrugge, Maurice (2004), Explaining the Growth of PartTime Employment: Factors of Supply and Demand, IZA Discussion Paper No. 1124.
  • Fransen, Eva–Plantenga, Janneke-Vlasblom, Jan Dirk (2010), “Why do women still earn less than men? Decomposing the Dutch gender pay gap, 1996–2006, Utrecht School of Economics Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute Discussion Paper Series 10–09.
  • Gustafsson, Siv- Kenjoh, Eiko- Wetzels, Cécile (2003), “Employment Choices and Pay Differences between Nonstandard and Standard Work in Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, and Swedens,” Nonstandard Work in Developed Economies Causes and Consequences Ed. by Susan Houseman-Machiko Osawa), W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Kalamazoo, Michigan.
  • Hartog, Joop (1999), “The Netherlands: So what's so special about the Dutch model?” International Labour Office Employment and Training Papers No. 54.
  • Hesselink, John Klein (2010), “Netherlands: Flexible forms of work: 'very atypical' contractual arrangements”, EUROFOUND Comparative Reports [http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/studies/tn0812019s/nl0812019q.htm]. (28.02.2011)
  • ILO (2010), Women in labour markets: Measuring progress and identifying challenges, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
  • Kleinknecht, Alfred–Naastepad, C.W.M. (2005), “The Netherlands: Failure of a Neo-classical Policy Agendas,” European Planning Studies, Vol. 13, No. 8.
  • Misra, Joya–Jude, Lucien (2006), “Do Family Policies Shape Women’s Employment- A Comparative Historical Analysis of France and the Netherlands”, University of Massachusetts, Social and Demographic Research Institute, [http://www.umass.edu/sadri/pdf/WP/WP4%20-%20Misra%20Jude.pdf]. (28.02.2011)
  • O’Reilly, Jacqueline (1997), “Labour Adjustment through Part-time Work,” International Handbook of Labour Market Policy and Evaluation. (Edit. Gunther Schmid vd.) Edward Elgar Publication.
  • OECD (2002), OECD Employment Outlook 2002, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2004), OECD Economic Surveys: Netherlands 2004, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2008), OECD Economic Surveys: Netherlands 2008, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2009), Society at a Glance 2009, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2010), OECD Employment Outlook 2010 Moving Beyond the Jobs Crisis, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2011), OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics, [http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/data/oecd-employment-and-labourmarket-statistics/labour-market-programmes-expenditure-and-participants_data00312-en]. (28.02.2011)
  • Pfau-Effinger, Birgit (1998), “Culture or Structure as Explanations for Differences in Part-Time Work in Germany, Finland and the Netherlands?” Part-time Perspectives. Ed. by C. Fagan-J. O'Reilly, Routledge, London, s. 177–198.
  • Rasmussen, Erling-Lind, Jens- Visser, Jelle (2003), “Flexibility meets national norms and regulations: part-time work in New Zealand, Denmark and the Netherlands,” Thirteenth IIRA World Congress, Berlin, (8-12 September 2003).
  • Sandor, Eszter (2011), European Company Survey 2009 Part-time work in Europe, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Schmid, Günther (1997), “The Dutch Employment Miracle? A comparison of employment systems in the Netherlands and Germany,” Social Science Research Center Discussion Paper FS I 97-202, Berlin.
  • Sirvent, Elena-Ferreiro, Jesús (2006), “Are all Female Part-Time Employees Discriminated?: An Analysis of Substantial and Marginal Part-Timers Across Europe,” 3rd International Conference, Development in Economic Theory and Policy, Bilbao 6th-7th July 2006, [http://www.genderequality.com.cy/main/data/articles/pdf/library/equality%20and %20workplace%20flexibility/english/are%20all%20female%20parttime%20employees%20discriminated.pdf]. (28.02.2011)
  • Tam, May (1997), Part-Time Employment: A Bridge or a Trap? Avebury Publishing, Aldershot.
  • Van de Pas, Irmgard Borghouts van de -Wilthagen, Ton (2009), “Flexicurity and Employment Security: The Dutch Way,” The 2009 International Conference on the Strategy of Labor market Flexicurity NTU convention centre, Taipei, Taiwan, (December 8–10).
  • Van der Does d Willebois, J. L. J. M. (1967), “A Workshop for Married Women in Part-time Employment: Implications of an Experiment in the Netherlands”, International Labour Review, Vol. 96, No. 6.
  • Van der Meer, Marc-Leijnse, Frans (2004), “Life-course schemes and social policy reform in the Netherlands”, Conference Papers 2004, Paper for session 8, Flexicurity workshop KNAW-SISWO. [http://www.siswo.uva.nl/tlm/confbuda/papers/papers_files/WP8%20van%20de%2 0MeerLeijnse%20-%20Life%20course%20schemes.PDF]. (28.02.2011)
  • Van Hooren, Franca-Becker, Uwe (2009), “Explaining contradictory developments in child and elderly care policies in the Netherlands,” The future of the welfare state: paths of social policy innovation between constraints and opportunities (Urbino, 17-19 September 2009), Paper presented at the 7th ESPAnet conference 2009 Session: 21 Explaining Recent Shifts in Family Policy.
  • Van Klaveren, Maarten, Salverda, Wiemer-Tijdens, Kea (2009), “Retail jobs in the Netherlands: Low pay in a context of long-term wage moderation”, International Labour Review, Vol. 148, No. 4, s. 413-438.
  • Van Oorschot, Wim (2003), “Dutch "flexicurity" policy: Flexibility and security for Dutch workers?” Social security in a long life society, 4th International Research Conference on Social Security (Antwerp, 5-7 May 2003).
  • Van Oorschot, Wim (2004), “Trends and Experience in Dutch Flexible Work and Flexicurity Policies”, 32.Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie Soziale Ungleichheit-kulturelle Unterschiede, München.
  • Van Oorschot, Wim (2006), “Dutch Welfare State: Recent Trends and Challenges in Historical Perspective,” European Journal of Social Security, Vol. 8, No.1, s. 57-76.
  • Veldhoen, Marijke-van Doorne-Huiskes-Anneke, Schippers, Joop-den Dulk, Laura-van der Lippe, Tanja (2006), National report the Netherlands Socio-economic trends and welfare policies Deliverable 3.1–November, Utrecht University.
  • Visse, Jelle-Wilthagen T–Beltzer, Ronald (2004), Part-time Employment in the Netherlands: From Atypicality to a Typicality, [http://dare.uva.nl/document/39441]. (28.02.2011)
  • Visser, Jelle (2000), The First Part-Time Economy in The World Does It Work? Working Paper No. WP00-01, Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies University of Amsterdam.
  • Wielers, Rudi-Raven, Dennis (2009), Part-time work and work norms in the Netherlands, Discussion paper EqualSoc EMPLOY-FAMNET Workshop in Berlin, Germany May 11–12.
  • Wilthagen, Ton–Bekker, Sonja–Chung, Heejung–Rabhi, Mounia (2008), Decent Work Country Report-Netherlands, International Labour Office Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia.
  • Yerkes, Mara (2009), “Part-time work in the Dutch welfare state: the ideal combination of work and care?” Policy & Politics, Vol. 37, No. 4, s. 535–52.
  • Yerkes, Mara (2010), “Diversity in Work: The Heterogeneity of Women’s Employment Patterns,” Gender, Work and Organization. Vol. 17, No. 6 November, s. 696–720.

Year 2011, Volume: 2 Issue: 29, 129 - 163, 01.01.2011

Recep Kapar

Abstract

Part-time employment has been significantly increasing in theNetherlands for the past three decades and become one of the mostextended patterns of work. Female part-time employment rate in theNetherlands is higher than in other OECD countries. In thiscountry, three in four working women work part-time. The part-timeemployment rate for women 75,8% is three times higher the parttime employment rate for men 24,9% in 2009. In the Netherlands,while women's part-time employment rate has continued to rise, thestructure of the households is changing from a single earner couplesto one-and-a-half earner couples. Wage moderation and job sharing have been at the heart of theNetherlands’ model since the 1980s. Part-time work is usually notregarded as precarious work, since part-time work is as permanentand secure as full-time work in the Netherlands. But very atypical andvery short part-time jobs that women mostly work are insecure, lowpaid, casual and precarious. While the rate of involuntary part-time employment is low, not alllonger-term adverse impacts have been overcome. Also genderinequality in employment transitions is evident and women earnconsiderably less than men. There are negative impacts of part-timework on economic independence of women, poverty risk, careerprogression and retirement income

Keywords

The Netherlands part-time employment women economic and social effects

References

  • Allaart, Piet-Bellmann, Lutz (2007), “Reasons for part-time work: an empirical analysis for Germany and The Netherlands,” International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 28 No. 7, s. 557–570.
  • Becker, Uwe (2001), “A ‘Dutch Model’: Employment Growth by Corporatist Consensus andWage Restraint? A Critical Account of an Idyllic View, New Political Economy, Vol. 6, No. 1.
  • Booth Alison L.-Van Ours, Jan C. (2010), Part-Time Jobs: What Women Want? IZA Discussion Paper No. 4686.
  • Bovenberg, Lans-Wilthagen, Ton (2008), “On the Road to Flexicurity: Dutch proposals for a pathway towards better transition security and higher labour market mobility,” European Journal of Social Security, Vol. 10, No. 4, s. 325–346.
  • Bovenberg, Lans-Wilthagen, Ton–Bekker, Sonja (2008), “Flexicurity: Lessons and Proposals from the Netherlands,” CESifo DICE Report 4/2008, p. 9–14.
  • Broughton, Andrea-Biletta, Isabella-Kullander, Mats (2010), Flexible forms of work: ‘very atypical’ contractual arrangements, Comparative study, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Burri, Susanne (2006), “Flexibility and Security, Working Time, and WorkFamily Policies,” Precarious Work, Women and the New Economy: The Challenge to
  • Legal Norms, Ed. by Judy Fudge-Rosemary Owens, Oñati International Series in Law and Society, Hart Publishing, s. 305-328.
  • Burri, Susanne D. (2009), The Netherlands: Precarious employment in a context of flexicurity, GWD/CPD Working Paper Series, [http://www.genderwork.ca/cpdworkingpapers/burri.pdf]. (28.02.2011)
  • Cuesta, Maite Blazquez-Martin, Nuria Elena Ramos (2009), “Part-time employment: a comparative analysis of Spain and the Netherlands,” European Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 28, No. 3, s. 223–256.
  • Dulk, den Laura (2005, “Flexible work arrangements and the employment of women: a Dutch perspective Statements and Comments,” Peer Review- Peer country comment papers, (26–27 May).
  • EC (2010), Employment in Europe 2010, European Commission DirectorateGeneral for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Publications Office of the European Union, Brussels.
  • EUROFOUND (2007), Gender and career development, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, [http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2007/23/en/1/ef0723en.pdf]. (28.02.2011)
  • EUROSTAT (2011), Employment by sex, age groups and economic activity (from 2008, NACE rev.2), [http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupModifyTableLayout.do]. (28.02.2011)
  • Euwals, Rob–Hogerbrugge, Maurice (2004), Explaining the Growth of PartTime Employment: Factors of Supply and Demand, IZA Discussion Paper No. 1124.
  • Fransen, Eva–Plantenga, Janneke-Vlasblom, Jan Dirk (2010), “Why do women still earn less than men? Decomposing the Dutch gender pay gap, 1996–2006, Utrecht School of Economics Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute Discussion Paper Series 10–09.
  • Gustafsson, Siv- Kenjoh, Eiko- Wetzels, Cécile (2003), “Employment Choices and Pay Differences between Nonstandard and Standard Work in Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, and Swedens,” Nonstandard Work in Developed Economies Causes and Consequences Ed. by Susan Houseman-Machiko Osawa), W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Kalamazoo, Michigan.
  • Hartog, Joop (1999), “The Netherlands: So what's so special about the Dutch model?” International Labour Office Employment and Training Papers No. 54.
  • Hesselink, John Klein (2010), “Netherlands: Flexible forms of work: 'very atypical' contractual arrangements”, EUROFOUND Comparative Reports [http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/studies/tn0812019s/nl0812019q.htm]. (28.02.2011)
  • ILO (2010), Women in labour markets: Measuring progress and identifying challenges, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
  • Kleinknecht, Alfred–Naastepad, C.W.M. (2005), “The Netherlands: Failure of a Neo-classical Policy Agendas,” European Planning Studies, Vol. 13, No. 8.
  • Misra, Joya–Jude, Lucien (2006), “Do Family Policies Shape Women’s Employment- A Comparative Historical Analysis of France and the Netherlands”, University of Massachusetts, Social and Demographic Research Institute, [http://www.umass.edu/sadri/pdf/WP/WP4%20-%20Misra%20Jude.pdf]. (28.02.2011)
  • O’Reilly, Jacqueline (1997), “Labour Adjustment through Part-time Work,” International Handbook of Labour Market Policy and Evaluation. (Edit. Gunther Schmid vd.) Edward Elgar Publication.
  • OECD (2002), OECD Employment Outlook 2002, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2004), OECD Economic Surveys: Netherlands 2004, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2008), OECD Economic Surveys: Netherlands 2008, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2009), Society at a Glance 2009, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2010), OECD Employment Outlook 2010 Moving Beyond the Jobs Crisis, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  • OECD (2011), OECD Employment and Labour Market Statistics, [http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/data/oecd-employment-and-labourmarket-statistics/labour-market-programmes-expenditure-and-participants_data00312-en]. (28.02.2011)
  • Pfau-Effinger, Birgit (1998), “Culture or Structure as Explanations for Differences in Part-Time Work in Germany, Finland and the Netherlands?” Part-time Perspectives. Ed. by C. Fagan-J. O'Reilly, Routledge, London, s. 177–198.
  • Rasmussen, Erling-Lind, Jens- Visser, Jelle (2003), “Flexibility meets national norms and regulations: part-time work in New Zealand, Denmark and the Netherlands,” Thirteenth IIRA World Congress, Berlin, (8-12 September 2003).
  • Sandor, Eszter (2011), European Company Survey 2009 Part-time work in Europe, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Schmid, Günther (1997), “The Dutch Employment Miracle? A comparison of employment systems in the Netherlands and Germany,” Social Science Research Center Discussion Paper FS I 97-202, Berlin.
  • Sirvent, Elena-Ferreiro, Jesús (2006), “Are all Female Part-Time Employees Discriminated?: An Analysis of Substantial and Marginal Part-Timers Across Europe,” 3rd International Conference, Development in Economic Theory and Policy, Bilbao 6th-7th July 2006, [http://www.genderequality.com.cy/main/data/articles/pdf/library/equality%20and %20workplace%20flexibility/english/are%20all%20female%20parttime%20employees%20discriminated.pdf]. (28.02.2011)
  • Tam, May (1997), Part-Time Employment: A Bridge or a Trap? Avebury Publishing, Aldershot.
  • Van de Pas, Irmgard Borghouts van de -Wilthagen, Ton (2009), “Flexicurity and Employment Security: The Dutch Way,” The 2009 International Conference on the Strategy of Labor market Flexicurity NTU convention centre, Taipei, Taiwan, (December 8–10).
  • Van der Does d Willebois, J. L. J. M. (1967), “A Workshop for Married Women in Part-time Employment: Implications of an Experiment in the Netherlands”, International Labour Review, Vol. 96, No. 6.
  • Van der Meer, Marc-Leijnse, Frans (2004), “Life-course schemes and social policy reform in the Netherlands”, Conference Papers 2004, Paper for session 8, Flexicurity workshop KNAW-SISWO. [http://www.siswo.uva.nl/tlm/confbuda/papers/papers_files/WP8%20van%20de%2 0MeerLeijnse%20-%20Life%20course%20schemes.PDF]. (28.02.2011)
  • Van Hooren, Franca-Becker, Uwe (2009), “Explaining contradictory developments in child and elderly care policies in the Netherlands,” The future of the welfare state: paths of social policy innovation between constraints and opportunities (Urbino, 17-19 September 2009), Paper presented at the 7th ESPAnet conference 2009 Session: 21 Explaining Recent Shifts in Family Policy.
  • Van Klaveren, Maarten, Salverda, Wiemer-Tijdens, Kea (2009), “Retail jobs in the Netherlands: Low pay in a context of long-term wage moderation”, International Labour Review, Vol. 148, No. 4, s. 413-438.
  • Van Oorschot, Wim (2003), “Dutch "flexicurity" policy: Flexibility and security for Dutch workers?” Social security in a long life society, 4th International Research Conference on Social Security (Antwerp, 5-7 May 2003).
  • Van Oorschot, Wim (2004), “Trends and Experience in Dutch Flexible Work and Flexicurity Policies”, 32.Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie Soziale Ungleichheit-kulturelle Unterschiede, München.
  • Van Oorschot, Wim (2006), “Dutch Welfare State: Recent Trends and Challenges in Historical Perspective,” European Journal of Social Security, Vol. 8, No.1, s. 57-76.
  • Veldhoen, Marijke-van Doorne-Huiskes-Anneke, Schippers, Joop-den Dulk, Laura-van der Lippe, Tanja (2006), National report the Netherlands Socio-economic trends and welfare policies Deliverable 3.1–November, Utrecht University.
  • Visse, Jelle-Wilthagen T–Beltzer, Ronald (2004), Part-time Employment in the Netherlands: From Atypicality to a Typicality, [http://dare.uva.nl/document/39441]. (28.02.2011)
  • Visser, Jelle (2000), The First Part-Time Economy in The World Does It Work? Working Paper No. WP00-01, Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies University of Amsterdam.
  • Wielers, Rudi-Raven, Dennis (2009), Part-time work and work norms in the Netherlands, Discussion paper EqualSoc EMPLOY-FAMNET Workshop in Berlin, Germany May 11–12.
  • Wilthagen, Ton–Bekker, Sonja–Chung, Heejung–Rabhi, Mounia (2008), Decent Work Country Report-Netherlands, International Labour Office Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia.
  • Yerkes, Mara (2009), “Part-time work in the Dutch welfare state: the ideal combination of work and care?” Policy & Politics, Vol. 37, No. 4, s. 535–52.
  • Yerkes, Mara (2010), “Diversity in Work: The Heterogeneity of Women’s Employment Patterns,” Gender, Work and Organization. Vol. 17, No. 6 November, s. 696–720.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Recep Kapar

Publication Date January 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 2 Issue: 29

Cite

APA Kapar, R. (2011). Hollanda’da Kadınların Kısmi Süreli İstihdamı ve Etkileri. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(29), 129-163.

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