Yoksulluk ve Genç Kuşakların Toplumsal Hareketlilik Olanakları: İstanbul ve Gaziantep Örnekleri

Year 2008, Volume: 2 Issue: 17, 131 - 154, 01.01.2008

Neriman Açıkalın

Abstract

Poverty and The Social Mobility Chances Of Youth Generations: A Case Study in İstanbul and Gaziantep

Abstract

The most important effects of poverty is using children as labor force, and the most negative effect of using children in labor force over the long term is the fact that poverty occurring as a vicious circle becomes a starting point of the reproduction of the poverty for future generations. In Turkey, especially structural adjustment policies administered after 1980’s have created an effect that hastens this process, and named as new urban poor in the world literature, and that brings a total flexibility in determining work conditions, wages and social rights. This process not only prevents the chances of upright social mobility of young generation, but also quite strengthens the probabilities of experiencing a downright social mobility of young generations who will become unqualified labor force and poors of the future. In order to analyze the effects of structural adjustment program on the social mobility possibilities of young generations, a field study aiming to collect data about the problems and social mobility possibilities of young generations together with a survey containing 31 child and youngster ages between 6 and 24 and 200 household was conducted in Gaziantep and İstanbul. In this study survey, depth interview and focus group techniques are used and various topics such as the occupations of the individuals living in each household, their work conditions, immigration patterns, consumption structures, household relations, the opportunities of youngsters to get economical and social possibilities and their hopes and anticipations for the future were covered.

Keywords

poverty, children in labor, social mobility, structural adjustment policies, İstanbul, Gaziantep.

References

• Agnew, J.A., (1981); “Home Ownership and the Capitalist Social Order”, (eds) M. Dear, A.J. Scott, Urbanization and Urban Planning, New York: Methuen.
• Alcock, P. (1997); Understanding Poverty, Macmillan: London.
• Bequele A, J. Boyden, (1995); Çocuk Istihdamıyla Mücadele, ILO, ÇSGB: Ankara.
• Bilgin, N, (1994); Sosyal Bilimler Kavşağında Kimlik Sorunu, Ege Yayıncılık: İzmir.
• Bromley, R., ve C. Gerry, (1979); ‘Who Are The Casual Poor?’, Casual Work and Poverty in Third World Cities, içinde, ed. R.Bromley ve C.Gerry, John Wiley&Sons Pub.: New York.
• Castells, M., (2000); End of Millennium: The Information Age, Vol. III., Blackwell Pub.: USA.
• Castells, M., J. Henderson, (1987); ‘Techno-economic Restructuring, Socio- political Process and Spatial Transformation: a Global Perspective’, Restructuring and Territorial Development, içinde, ed. J. Handerson, ve M.Castells, Global Sage Pub.: London.
• Crompton, R. (1993); Class and Stratification, Polity Press: Cambridge.
• DPT, (1996); İllerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması, Ankara.
• Frobel, R.C., Hill, (1987);’Capital Factory and the Dynamics of Global Restructuring’, Global Restructuring and Territorial Development, içinde, ed. J. Handerson, and M.Castells, Sage Publication: London.
• Goldthorpe, J.H. (1987); ‘Introduction: Social Mobility and Social Interests’, Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain, içinde, ed. J.H. Goldthorpe, Clarendon Press: Oxford.
• Güvenç, M., O. Işık, 1996, “İstanbul’u Okumak: Statü-Konut Mülkiyet Farklıl- aşmasına İlişkin Bir Çözümleme Denemesi”, Toplum ve Bilim, 71, Kış.
• Hetherington E.M. ve Ross D. Parke, (1993); Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint, Mc Graw-Hill, Inc.: New York.
• Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1982); The Changing Value of Children in Turkey, Number 60-E, Current Studies on the Value of Children.
• Lloyd, P. (1984); A Third World Proletariat?, George Allen & Unwin Pub.: London.
• Miller, S.M., (1975); ‘The Concept and Measurement of Mobility’, Social Mobility içinde, ed. A.P.M. Coxon and C.L.Jones, Penguin Education: England.
• Mills, C.W. (1996); ‘The Sociology of Stratification’, Class: Critical Concepts , vol. I, içinde, ed. J.Scott, New York ve Routledge: London.
• Parkin, F. (1973); Class Inequality and Political Order, Paladin Pub.: Great Britain.
• Steward, A., K. Pranday, R.M.Blackburn, (1980); Social Stratification and Occup- ations, Holmes and Meier: New York.
• Roberts, B. (1978); Cities of Peasants, Edward Arnold Pub, London.
• Turner, B. Equality, (1986); Tavisstock Pub.: London ve New York.
• Young, M. (1994); The Rise of the Meritocracy, Transaction Publishers: London.
• World Bank Report (2000); “Turkey Economic Reforms Living Standards and Social Welfare Study”, Document of the World Bank, Report No: 20029-TU.
• http://www.calisma.gov.tr/mevzuat/4857_is_kanunu.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice,