Çalışmada, 2000’li yıllarda Türkiye’de enformel istihdamın ve enformelleşmenin ulaştığı boyutlar tartışılacaktır. Türkiye’de enformel istihdamın en yüksek olduğu kent olan İstanbul’da istihdam vergisinin yoksulluk ve gelir dağılımı üzerindeki etkileri emeğin yapısal özellikleri bakımından incelenecektir. İstanbul’da istihdama ilişkin verilere Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu TUİK tarafından yıllık olarak yayınlanan karşılaştırmalı bölgesel istatistiklerden ulaşılacaktır. Çalışmada enformel istihdam ve istihdam vergisi arasındaki ilişki, TUİK verileri ışığında analiz edilecektir. Çalışmada İstanbul’da istihdam edilen işgücünün yaş, cinsiyet ve eğitim bakımından analizi yapıldıktan sonra, enformel istihdam türleri olan kendi hesabına çalışma ve kayıt-dışı çalışmanın yaygınlığı incelenecektir. Yapılan analizin sonucunda nitelikli, niteliksiz ve yarı-nitelikli olması bakımından emeğin kentteki dağılımına ulaşılması hedeflenmektedir. Gelir dağılımında önemli bir gösterge olan işsizlik, eğitim ve cinsiyet bakımından analize dahil edilerek, kamu ve özel sektördeki istihdam ve işsizlik oranları karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınacaktır
Balaban U. & Sarıoğlu, E. (2008). “Home-Based Work in Istanbul: Varieties of
Organization and Patriarchy (with Esra Sarıoğlu)”. Social Policy Forum.
Istanbul. Retrieved from
http://www.spf.boun.edu.tr/docs/HBW_in_Istanbul_Varieties_of_Organi
zation_a nd_Patriarchy.pdf
Berkay, F. (2009). Çeşitli Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de İstihdam Üzerindeki
Mali Hükümlülüklerin Değerlendirilmesi [An Analyze of the Fiscal Burden on
Employment in European Countries and Turkey] (Unpublished Master’s
Thesis). Pamukkale University Social Science Institute: Denizli.
Boratav, K. (2004). İstanbul ve Anadolu’dan Sınıf Profilleri [Class Profiles from
Istanbul and Ankara]. Ankara: İletişim.
Buğra, A.&Keyder, Ç. (2007). Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru
[Towards to Citizienship Income as a Basic Social Right]. İstanbul: İletişim.
Bulutoğlu, K.(1981). Siyasal Süreçte Reformlar [The Reform in the Political
Process]. Vergi Reformları [Tax Reforms].67-76.
Cihan Express, 2009, April 29.
DPT (2012). Orta- Vadeli Mali Plan (2012-2014) [MediumTerm Fiscal Programme
(2012-2014)] Retrieved from
http://www.bumko.gov.tr/Eklenti/22,ovp2012-2014pdf.pdf?0 (October
13, 2013).
Erder, S. (2001). İstanbul’a Bir Kent Kondu: Ümraniye [An Urban Settled on
Istanbul: Umraniye]. İstanbul: İletisim.
Erdut, T. ( 2005). İşgücü Piyasasında Enformelleşme ve Kadın İşgücü [
Informalization in Labour Markets and Women Labour]. Çalışma ve
Toplum Dergisi [Work and Society Journal], 6, 11-49.
Ergüder, B. (2006). Türkiye’de Kadın Emeğinin Değişen Yapısı: Enformel
Kesimde Kadın Emeği ve Kadın Emeğine Talep [The Emerging Structure
of Women Labour in Informal Sector and Demand for Women Labour in
Turkey] (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Istanbul University Social Sciences
Institute: Istanbul.
Ergüder, B. (2007). Türkiye’de Kadın Emeğine Bakış: Görünmeyen ve Değersiz
mi?[A View to Women Labour: Is that invisible and non-valuable?]. S. Kurt
(Ed.), Almanac 2006(277-287), SAV Pub.: İstanbul.
Green, F. (2009). Subjective employment insecurity around the world. Cambridge
Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2, 343–363.
Günay, A. (2000) “Türkiye’de Kayıt-dışı Ekonominin Vergi Gelirleri Üzerindeki Etkisi”,
(The Effects of the Unregistered Economy on Tax Incomes) (Unpublished Master’s
Thesis). Dokuz Eylül University Social Science Institute: İzmir.
Harvey, D. (1984). The Urbanization of Capital. Newyork: Verso Press.
Işık, O. & Pınarcıoglu, M. (1996). İstanbul’u Okumak [ Reading Istanbul]. Society&
Science Journal,71, 6-61.
IMB ( Istanbul Metropolitian Municipality ) (2009). 1/100.000 Scaled Environmental
Plan of Istanbul. Retrieved from http://www.ibb.gov.tr/trTR/Documents/ISTANBUL_CDP_GENEL_BILGI.pdf
İnan, F. (2016). Civil G20 Report, TEPAV( The Economic Policy Research
Foundation on Turkey). Retrieved from http://www.tepav.org.tr/en
Istanbul Directorate of Tax Administration (2011). İstatistiki Veriler [Statistical
Datas]. Retrieved from http://www.ivdb.gov.tr. (December 5, 2011).
Kayıtdışı İşgücünün Faturası 21.2 Milyar Dolar [The Cost of Unregistered
Employment is 21.2 Billion], Retrieved from http://www.vergiportali.com.
Keyder, Ç.(2005). Globalization and Social Exclusion in Istanbul. International
Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(1), 124-134.
Kim, S. (2008). Spatial Inequality and Economic Development: Theories, Facts,
and Policies (Working Paper No.16). The International Bank For
Reconstruction and Development: The World Bank.
McDowell, L. & Christopherson, S. (2009). Transforming Work: New Forms of
Employment And their Regulation. Cambridge Journal of Regions,
Economy and Society, 2, 335–342.
Odman, A. (2008). ShipbuildingShipbuilding "Success" Based on Human Sacrifice.
Retrieved from
http://www.bianet.org/english/kategori/english/104881/shipbuildingsuccess-based-on-human-sacrifice.
Papps, K. (2011). “The Effects of Social Security Taxes and Minimum Wages on
Employment: Evidence from Turkey”, IZA (The Institute for the Study of Labor)
Discussion Paper No 6214.
Social Rights Association (2011). Social Rights Association Report (2011).
Retrieved from
http://www.festuerkei.org/media/pdf/Publikationen%20Archiv/Ortak%2
0Yay%C4%B1nlar/2011/2011%20Sosyal%20Haklar%202011.pdf
Sönmez, M. (1994). Grafiklerde 1990’larda Istanbul [ Istanbul in 1990’s with
Graphics]. İstanbul: İBB Kültür A.Ş.
Sönmez, M. (2001). 100 Boyutuyla 2000 İstanbul’u [100 Dimensions of 2000’s
Istanbul]. Istanbul Journal, 36, 86-93.
Sönmez, M. (2011). Kriz Ateşine Karşı Vergide Vur Abalıya [In the Heat of Crisis, times
of “Hit a Man when he is Down” on taxation], Cumhuriyet Newspaper
(September 21, 2011).
TEPAV(2011). İstihdam İzleme Bülteni [Employment Trace Bulletin]. Retrieved
from http//www.tepav.org.tr.
The Work Safety and Worker Health Commission (2011). The Work Safety and
Worker Health Commission Report. Retrieved from
http://www.guvenlicalisma.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=art
icle&id=1471:ekim-ayinda-53-isci-hayatini-kaybetti-142-isciyaralandi&catid=149:is-cinayetleri-raporlari&Itemid=236
TURKSTAT (2014b). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması [Income and Living
Conditions Inquiry], Retrieved from http//www.tuik.gov.tr. (September 13,
2016).
TURKSTAT (2015). İşgücü İstatistikleri [Labour Statistics]. Retrieved from
http//www.tuik.gov.tr.
Vogel, L. (2011). The “Precarian Spring”. Editorial, Hesamag. 5.
The Effects of the Tax Policy on the Employment Map of Istanbul
Year 2016,
Volume: 4 Issue: 51, 1837 - 1856, 01.01.2016
In this paper, the size of the informal employment and the informalization in Turkey in 2000s will be discussed in the scale of Istanbul. The effects of the employment tax on poverty and income distribution will be analyzed in Istanbul, where the informal empoyment is high in Turkey, in terms of the structural features. The datas concerning the employment in İstanbul will be taken from the comparative regional statistics published annually by Turkish Statistical Institute TURKSTAT . In this paper the relationship between employment tax and informal employment will be analyzed with reference to these datas. After the analysis of the distribution of the population employed in Istanbul in terms of age, gender and education, the extensity of the self employment and the non-covered employment which are the informal employment kinds will be analyzed. As a consequence of this analysis, it is aim to revealed the distribution of the skilled, unskilled and semi-skilled labour in the city. The unemployment, which is another important indicator of the income distribution; will be analyzed in terms of education and gender, and then be examined through comparing the employment rates in the public and private sectors
Balaban U. & Sarıoğlu, E. (2008). “Home-Based Work in Istanbul: Varieties of
Organization and Patriarchy (with Esra Sarıoğlu)”. Social Policy Forum.
Istanbul. Retrieved from
http://www.spf.boun.edu.tr/docs/HBW_in_Istanbul_Varieties_of_Organi
zation_a nd_Patriarchy.pdf
Berkay, F. (2009). Çeşitli Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de İstihdam Üzerindeki
Mali Hükümlülüklerin Değerlendirilmesi [An Analyze of the Fiscal Burden on
Employment in European Countries and Turkey] (Unpublished Master’s
Thesis). Pamukkale University Social Science Institute: Denizli.
Boratav, K. (2004). İstanbul ve Anadolu’dan Sınıf Profilleri [Class Profiles from
Istanbul and Ankara]. Ankara: İletişim.
Buğra, A.&Keyder, Ç. (2007). Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru
[Towards to Citizienship Income as a Basic Social Right]. İstanbul: İletişim.
Bulutoğlu, K.(1981). Siyasal Süreçte Reformlar [The Reform in the Political
Process]. Vergi Reformları [Tax Reforms].67-76.
Cihan Express, 2009, April 29.
DPT (2012). Orta- Vadeli Mali Plan (2012-2014) [MediumTerm Fiscal Programme
(2012-2014)] Retrieved from
http://www.bumko.gov.tr/Eklenti/22,ovp2012-2014pdf.pdf?0 (October
13, 2013).
Erder, S. (2001). İstanbul’a Bir Kent Kondu: Ümraniye [An Urban Settled on
Istanbul: Umraniye]. İstanbul: İletisim.
Erdut, T. ( 2005). İşgücü Piyasasında Enformelleşme ve Kadın İşgücü [
Informalization in Labour Markets and Women Labour]. Çalışma ve
Toplum Dergisi [Work and Society Journal], 6, 11-49.
Ergüder, B. (2006). Türkiye’de Kadın Emeğinin Değişen Yapısı: Enformel
Kesimde Kadın Emeği ve Kadın Emeğine Talep [The Emerging Structure
of Women Labour in Informal Sector and Demand for Women Labour in
Turkey] (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Istanbul University Social Sciences
Institute: Istanbul.
Ergüder, B. (2007). Türkiye’de Kadın Emeğine Bakış: Görünmeyen ve Değersiz
mi?[A View to Women Labour: Is that invisible and non-valuable?]. S. Kurt
(Ed.), Almanac 2006(277-287), SAV Pub.: İstanbul.
Green, F. (2009). Subjective employment insecurity around the world. Cambridge
Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2, 343–363.
Günay, A. (2000) “Türkiye’de Kayıt-dışı Ekonominin Vergi Gelirleri Üzerindeki Etkisi”,
(The Effects of the Unregistered Economy on Tax Incomes) (Unpublished Master’s
Thesis). Dokuz Eylül University Social Science Institute: İzmir.
Harvey, D. (1984). The Urbanization of Capital. Newyork: Verso Press.
Işık, O. & Pınarcıoglu, M. (1996). İstanbul’u Okumak [ Reading Istanbul]. Society&
Science Journal,71, 6-61.
IMB ( Istanbul Metropolitian Municipality ) (2009). 1/100.000 Scaled Environmental
Plan of Istanbul. Retrieved from http://www.ibb.gov.tr/trTR/Documents/ISTANBUL_CDP_GENEL_BILGI.pdf
İnan, F. (2016). Civil G20 Report, TEPAV( The Economic Policy Research
Foundation on Turkey). Retrieved from http://www.tepav.org.tr/en
Istanbul Directorate of Tax Administration (2011). İstatistiki Veriler [Statistical
Datas]. Retrieved from http://www.ivdb.gov.tr. (December 5, 2011).
Kayıtdışı İşgücünün Faturası 21.2 Milyar Dolar [The Cost of Unregistered
Employment is 21.2 Billion], Retrieved from http://www.vergiportali.com.
Keyder, Ç.(2005). Globalization and Social Exclusion in Istanbul. International
Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(1), 124-134.
Kim, S. (2008). Spatial Inequality and Economic Development: Theories, Facts,
and Policies (Working Paper No.16). The International Bank For
Reconstruction and Development: The World Bank.
McDowell, L. & Christopherson, S. (2009). Transforming Work: New Forms of
Employment And their Regulation. Cambridge Journal of Regions,
Economy and Society, 2, 335–342.
Odman, A. (2008). ShipbuildingShipbuilding "Success" Based on Human Sacrifice.
Retrieved from
http://www.bianet.org/english/kategori/english/104881/shipbuildingsuccess-based-on-human-sacrifice.
Papps, K. (2011). “The Effects of Social Security Taxes and Minimum Wages on
Employment: Evidence from Turkey”, IZA (The Institute for the Study of Labor)
Discussion Paper No 6214.
Social Rights Association (2011). Social Rights Association Report (2011).
Retrieved from
http://www.festuerkei.org/media/pdf/Publikationen%20Archiv/Ortak%2
0Yay%C4%B1nlar/2011/2011%20Sosyal%20Haklar%202011.pdf
Sönmez, M. (1994). Grafiklerde 1990’larda Istanbul [ Istanbul in 1990’s with
Graphics]. İstanbul: İBB Kültür A.Ş.
Sönmez, M. (2001). 100 Boyutuyla 2000 İstanbul’u [100 Dimensions of 2000’s
Istanbul]. Istanbul Journal, 36, 86-93.
Sönmez, M. (2011). Kriz Ateşine Karşı Vergide Vur Abalıya [In the Heat of Crisis, times
of “Hit a Man when he is Down” on taxation], Cumhuriyet Newspaper
(September 21, 2011).
TEPAV(2011). İstihdam İzleme Bülteni [Employment Trace Bulletin]. Retrieved
from http//www.tepav.org.tr.
The Work Safety and Worker Health Commission (2011). The Work Safety and
Worker Health Commission Report. Retrieved from
http://www.guvenlicalisma.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=art
icle&id=1471:ekim-ayinda-53-isci-hayatini-kaybetti-142-isciyaralandi&catid=149:is-cinayetleri-raporlari&Itemid=236
TURKSTAT (2014b). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması [Income and Living
Conditions Inquiry], Retrieved from http//www.tuik.gov.tr. (September 13,
2016).
TURKSTAT (2015). İşgücü İstatistikleri [Labour Statistics]. Retrieved from
http//www.tuik.gov.tr.
Vogel, L. (2011). The “Precarian Spring”. Editorial, Hesamag. 5.