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“Neoliberal Yapısal Uyum Politikalarından” “Kapsayıcı Kalkınma Çerçevesine” Dünya Bankası’nın Yoksulluk Sorununa Yaklaşımı

Year 2013, Volume: 2 Issue: 37, 211 - 234, 01.01.2013

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Dünya Bankası’nın yoksulluk sorununa yaklaşımında, yapısal uyum politikalarından Kapsayıcı Kalkınma Çerçevesi’ne ve bu Çerçeve’nin bir parçası olarak öne çıkan Yoksulluğu Azaltma Strateji Belgelerinin geliştirilmesine uzanan süreç analiz edilmeye çalışıldı. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Avrupa’nın yeniden inşa edilmesi amacıyla çok amaçlı bir kalkınma kurumu olarak kurulan Dünya Bankası, kalkınma ile yakından ilişkili olan yoksulluk sorununa zaman içinde farklı yaklaşımlar geliştirdi. Neoliberal politikaların hâkimiyet kazandığı 1980’li yıllarda, kamu harcamalarının azaltılması, finansal serbestlik, ithalatın serbestleştirilmesi gibi uygulamalarla makro ekonomik istikrarın ve ekonomik büyümenin sağlanacağı öngörüldü. Yoksulluk sorununun çözümü ise ekonomik büyümenin gerçekleştirilmesine bağlandı. Dünya Bankası öncülüğünde uygulanan neoliberal yapısal uyum politikaları, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin gelir dağılımı ve yoksulluk sorununu ağırlaştırdı. Bu süreçte, başta Dünya Bankası olmak üzere uluslararası finans kuruluşlarının meşruiyetleri tartışılır hale geldi. 1990’lı yıllara gelindiğinde, Dünya Bankası kalkınma kavramının sosyal boyutuna daha fazla vurgu yapmaya başladı. Kalkınmanın sosyal boyutunun ihmal edilmesiyle ekonomik büyümenin sürdürülemeyeceği yönünde bir anlayışa işaret eden gelişmelerle 1990’lı yılların sonunda Kapsayıcı Kalkınma Çerçevesi yaklaşımı tanıtıldı. Kapsayıcı Kalkınma Çerçevesi yaklaşımı, kalkınmaya bütüncül bir bakış açısı getirmektedir. Bu yaklaşımın hayata geçmesi için Yoksulluğu Azaltma Strateji Belgeleri girişimi başlatıldı. Yoksulluğu Azaltma Strateji Belgeleri girişiminin ve bir bütün olarak Kapsayıcı Kalkınma Çerçevesi yaklaşımının Dünya Bankası’nın yoksulluk sorununa bakış açısında gerçek bir yön değişimini yansıtıp yansıtmadığına ilişkin tartışmalar günümüzde devam etmektedir

References

  • Bienefeld, M; Ruckert, A. (2009) “Special Issue: A Decade of Poverty Reform at the World Bank”, Labour, Capital & Society, Special Issue, Vol. 42, Issue 1/2, 5-31, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=bf50e069- 687c-4c2d-a294-b2bfc9baa671%40sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=124, (12.3.2012).
  • Blackmon, P. (2008) “Rethinking Poverty through the Eyes of the International Monetery Fund and the World Bank”, International Studies Review, 10, 179-202.
  • Booth, D. (2003) “Are PRSPs Making a Difference? The African Experience: Introduction and Oveview”, Development Policy Review, 21:2, 131-159.
  • Cammack, P. (2004) “What the World Bank Means by Poverty Reduction, and why it matters?, New Political Economy; Vol. 9, no.2, 189-211, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38, (05.4.2012).
  • Cammack, P. (2009) “Poverty Reduction and Universal Competitiveness”, LABOUR, Capital and Society, 42:1&2, 34-54, http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38, (05.4.2012).
  • Craig, D; Porter, D. (2003) “Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: A New Convergence”, World Development Vol.31, No.1, 53-69, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38, (09.07.2012).
  • Dijkstra, G. (2011) “The PRSP Approach and the Illusion of Improved Aid Effectiveness: Lessons from Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua”, Development Policy Review, 29, 111-133, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38- 77e06c06be96%40sessionmgr14&vid=2&hid=6&bquery=Dijkstra, (07.07.2012).
  • Driscoll, R; Evans, A. (2005) “Second-Generation Poverty Reduction Strategies: New Opportunities and Emerging Issues”, Development Policy Review, 23 (1): 5-25. (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e- 6ff5-4fb7-bc38- 77e06c06be96%40sessionmgr14&vid=2&hid=115&bquery=Driscoll,+R;+ Evans, (09.08.2012).
  • Easterly, W. (2001) “The Effect of IMF and World Bank Programmes on Poverty”, United Nations University, WIDER, Discussion Paper No:2001/102.
  • Joseph, J. (2010) “Poverty Reduction and the New Global Governmentality”, Alternatives, 35, 29-51, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38- 77e06c06be96%40sessionmgr14&vid=2&hid=115&bquery=Joseph, (07.09.2012).
  • Klugman, J. (2002) A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies, Washington: World Bank, (Erişim) http://www.wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/20 04/08/18/000112742_20040818172234/Rendered/PDF/29800001821314 97813.pdf
  • Lazarus, J. (2008) “Participation in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: reviewing the past, assessing the present and predicting the future”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 6, 1205 – 1221, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=1&sid =27866756-1062-4759-9508-6059ac2cf70c%40sessionmgr113, (05.10.2011).
  • Levinson, J. (2003) “The World Bank’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Approach: Good Marketing or Good Policy?”, United Nations, G-24 Discussion Paper Series, No:21, New York and Geneva.
  • Özdek, Y. (2002) “Küresel Yoksulluk ve Küresel Şiddet Kıskacında İnsan Hakları”, Yoksulluk, Şiddet ve İnsan Hakları, (Ed. Yasemin Özdek), Ankara: TODAİE, Yayın No: 311, 1-45.
  • Parasız, İ. (2005) Kalkınma Ekonomisi, Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Pender, J. (2001) “From “Structural Adjustment” to “Comprehensive Development Framework”: Conditionality Transformed?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol.22, No.3, 397-411.
  • Rodrik, D. (2011) Akıllı Küreselleşme (çev. Burcu Aksu), Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Ruckert, A. (2006) “Towards an Inclusive-Neoliberal Regime of Development: From the Washington to the Post-Washington Consensus”, LABOUR, Capital and Society, 39:1, 35-67, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=27866756-1062-4759-9508- 6059ac2cf70c%40sessionmgr113&vid=2&hid=116&bquery=Ruckert, (03.04.2011).
  • Ruckert, A. (2009) “A Decade of Poverty Reduction Strategies in Latin America: Empowering or Disciplining the Poor”, LABOUR, Capital and Society 42: 1&2, 57-81, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=27866756-1062-4759-9508- 6059ac2cf70c%40sessionmgr113&vid=2&hid=116&bquery=Ruckert, (09.12.2011).
  • Şenses, F. (2006) Küreselleşmenin Öteki Yüzü Yoksulluk, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları
  • Stiglitz, J. (2006) Küreselleşme Büyük Hayal Kırıklığı (çev. Arzu Taşçıoğlu-Deniz Vural), İstanbul: Plan B
  • Vetterlein, A. (2007) “Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction, and the Role of Social Policies: The Evolution of the World Bank’s Social Development Approach”, Global Governance 2007/13, 513-533, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=9b1a057b-5e8b-428d- b706a90fd92a336d%40sessionmgr11&vid=2&hid=4&bquery=Vetterlein, (03.01.2012).
  • World Bank. (1990), World Development Report 1990: Poverty, Washington D.C: World Bank
  • World Bank. (1997), World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World, Washington D.C: World Bank
  • World Bank. (2000), World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty, Washington D.C: World Bank

From “The Structural Adjustment Polıcıes” To “The Comprehensıve Development Framework” The Approach Of The World Bank To The Poverty Problem

Year 2013, Volume: 2 Issue: 37, 211 - 234, 01.01.2013

Abstract

In This Paper, The World Bank’s approach to poverty in the process from the structural adjustment policies to the Comprehensive Development Framework and to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, which are the main components of this Framework, is tried to be analysed. The World Bank, founded as a multi-purpose development institution with the object of the reconstruction of Europe after the World War II, has developed different approaches to the poverty problem which is closely related to the develeopment issue. In 1980s when the neoliberal policies had an important role in the world, it was thought that macroeconomic stabilization and economic growth could be achieved through the policies such as reducing public expenditure, financial liberalisation and liberalisation of imports. The solution of the poverty problem linked to the economic growth. Neoliberal structural adjustment policies implemented by the leadership of the World Bank worsened the income distribution and poverty problems in developing countries. In this process, the legitimacy of international financial institutions bagan to be discussed. In 1990s, the World Bank increasingly started to address the social dimension of the development issue. At the end of the 1990s, the Comprehensive Development Framework was introduced by the World Bank, along with the approach that address the economic growth without the social dimension of development could not be maintained. The Comrehensive Development Framework brought a more inclusive approach to the development issue. To implement this approach, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers initiative was launched. The discussions regarding whether the shift in the World Bank’s poverty approach is real or not has continued today

References

  • Bienefeld, M; Ruckert, A. (2009) “Special Issue: A Decade of Poverty Reform at the World Bank”, Labour, Capital & Society, Special Issue, Vol. 42, Issue 1/2, 5-31, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=bf50e069- 687c-4c2d-a294-b2bfc9baa671%40sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=124, (12.3.2012).
  • Blackmon, P. (2008) “Rethinking Poverty through the Eyes of the International Monetery Fund and the World Bank”, International Studies Review, 10, 179-202.
  • Booth, D. (2003) “Are PRSPs Making a Difference? The African Experience: Introduction and Oveview”, Development Policy Review, 21:2, 131-159.
  • Cammack, P. (2004) “What the World Bank Means by Poverty Reduction, and why it matters?, New Political Economy; Vol. 9, no.2, 189-211, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38, (05.4.2012).
  • Cammack, P. (2009) “Poverty Reduction and Universal Competitiveness”, LABOUR, Capital and Society, 42:1&2, 34-54, http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38, (05.4.2012).
  • Craig, D; Porter, D. (2003) “Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: A New Convergence”, World Development Vol.31, No.1, 53-69, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38, (09.07.2012).
  • Dijkstra, G. (2011) “The PRSP Approach and the Illusion of Improved Aid Effectiveness: Lessons from Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua”, Development Policy Review, 29, 111-133, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38- 77e06c06be96%40sessionmgr14&vid=2&hid=6&bquery=Dijkstra, (07.07.2012).
  • Driscoll, R; Evans, A. (2005) “Second-Generation Poverty Reduction Strategies: New Opportunities and Emerging Issues”, Development Policy Review, 23 (1): 5-25. (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e- 6ff5-4fb7-bc38- 77e06c06be96%40sessionmgr14&vid=2&hid=115&bquery=Driscoll,+R;+ Evans, (09.08.2012).
  • Easterly, W. (2001) “The Effect of IMF and World Bank Programmes on Poverty”, United Nations University, WIDER, Discussion Paper No:2001/102.
  • Joseph, J. (2010) “Poverty Reduction and the New Global Governmentality”, Alternatives, 35, 29-51, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=51dbd94e-6ff5-4fb7-bc38- 77e06c06be96%40sessionmgr14&vid=2&hid=115&bquery=Joseph, (07.09.2012).
  • Klugman, J. (2002) A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies, Washington: World Bank, (Erişim) http://www.wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/20 04/08/18/000112742_20040818172234/Rendered/PDF/29800001821314 97813.pdf
  • Lazarus, J. (2008) “Participation in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: reviewing the past, assessing the present and predicting the future”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 6, 1205 – 1221, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=1&sid =27866756-1062-4759-9508-6059ac2cf70c%40sessionmgr113, (05.10.2011).
  • Levinson, J. (2003) “The World Bank’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Approach: Good Marketing or Good Policy?”, United Nations, G-24 Discussion Paper Series, No:21, New York and Geneva.
  • Özdek, Y. (2002) “Küresel Yoksulluk ve Küresel Şiddet Kıskacında İnsan Hakları”, Yoksulluk, Şiddet ve İnsan Hakları, (Ed. Yasemin Özdek), Ankara: TODAİE, Yayın No: 311, 1-45.
  • Parasız, İ. (2005) Kalkınma Ekonomisi, Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Pender, J. (2001) “From “Structural Adjustment” to “Comprehensive Development Framework”: Conditionality Transformed?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol.22, No.3, 397-411.
  • Rodrik, D. (2011) Akıllı Küreselleşme (çev. Burcu Aksu), Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Ruckert, A. (2006) “Towards an Inclusive-Neoliberal Regime of Development: From the Washington to the Post-Washington Consensus”, LABOUR, Capital and Society, 39:1, 35-67, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=27866756-1062-4759-9508- 6059ac2cf70c%40sessionmgr113&vid=2&hid=116&bquery=Ruckert, (03.04.2011).
  • Ruckert, A. (2009) “A Decade of Poverty Reduction Strategies in Latin America: Empowering or Disciplining the Poor”, LABOUR, Capital and Society 42: 1&2, 57-81, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=27866756-1062-4759-9508- 6059ac2cf70c%40sessionmgr113&vid=2&hid=116&bquery=Ruckert, (09.12.2011).
  • Şenses, F. (2006) Küreselleşmenin Öteki Yüzü Yoksulluk, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları
  • Stiglitz, J. (2006) Küreselleşme Büyük Hayal Kırıklığı (çev. Arzu Taşçıoğlu-Deniz Vural), İstanbul: Plan B
  • Vetterlein, A. (2007) “Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction, and the Role of Social Policies: The Evolution of the World Bank’s Social Development Approach”, Global Governance 2007/13, 513-533, (Erişim) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=9b1a057b-5e8b-428d- b706a90fd92a336d%40sessionmgr11&vid=2&hid=4&bquery=Vetterlein, (03.01.2012).
  • World Bank. (1990), World Development Report 1990: Poverty, Washington D.C: World Bank
  • World Bank. (1997), World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World, Washington D.C: World Bank
  • World Bank. (2000), World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty, Washington D.C: World Bank
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Banu Metin This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 2 Issue: 37

Cite

APA Metin, B. (2013). “Neoliberal Yapısal Uyum Politikalarından” “Kapsayıcı Kalkınma Çerçevesine” Dünya Bankası’nın Yoksulluk Sorununa Yaklaşımı. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(37), 211-234.

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