Türkiye’de Ücretsiz Emeğin Piyasa Değerinin Tahmini ve AB Ekonomileri ile bir Karşılaştırma

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 60, 479 - 508, 01.01.2019

Umut Gündüz İpek İlkkaracan

Abstract

Birleşmiş Milletler’in 1993’te aldığı bir tavsiye kararı ile hane içi üretim faaliyetlerinin ulusal hesaplar sistemine dahil edilmesi öngörülmüştür. Bunu takiben pek çok ülkede ücretsiz ev içi emeğin toplam piyasa değerini ve GSYH’ya katkısını tahmin eden çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmalar hem bakım emeğinin önemli bir ekonomik olgu olarak tanınması, hem de bu emeğin dağılımındaki toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliklerine dikkat çekilmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin resmi Zaman Kullanımı Anketi ZKA verilerini kullanarak Türkiye’de ev içerisindeki ücretsiz mal ve hizmet üretiminin – diğer adıyla bakım ekonomisinin – piyasa değerini tahmin etmektedir. 2006 yılı Avrupa ZKA verilerini kullanarak yapılan başka bir çalışmadan yola çıkarak, Türkiye sonuçlarını AB ülkeleriyle de karşılaştırmaktadır. Türkiye’de ev içi üretim saatleri toplam çalışma saatlerinin %52’sini teşkil ederken, ücretsiz çalışma saatlerinde kadınların payı %86 ağırlıklıdır. Yıllık toplam çalışma saatlerinin ücretli işgücü piyasası ve ücretsiz ev içi çalışma saatlerinin toplamının yarısından fazlası %55’i kadınlara aittir. Ev içi üretimin piyasa değeri kullanılan yönteme göre GSYH’nın %21’i ile %29’u arasında değişmektedir. AB-24 ile yapılan karşılaştırmada, ev içi üretimin tahmin edilen piyasa değeri açısından, Türkiye AB-24 ortalamasının kısmen altında, 19. sırada yer almaktadır. Ev içi çalışma saatlerinde ise Türkiye erkeklerde en düşük değere sahipken, kadınlarda en yüksek üç ülke arasında yer almaktadır. Zaman kullanımındaki cinsiyet uçurumu Türkiye’yi AB ülkelerinden belirgin bir şekilde ayırmaktadır. Bu bulgular, Türkiye’de hane içi ücretsiz emeğin daha eşitlikçi dağılımına yönelik politika müdahalelerine olan gereksinimi işaret etmektedir

Keywords

Ücretsiz emek, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri, hanahalkı uydu gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla hesapları, Türkiye

Estimation of the Market Value of the Unpaid Work in Turkey and a Comparison to the EU Economies

Abstract

Since the United Nations recommendation in 1993 to introduce domestic production into systems of national accounts, the market value of the unpaid care economy has been estimated for a wide range of countries around the world. These studies recognize the economic contribution of unpaid household work, while also making visible the immense magnitude of gender imbalances in its distribution. This study provides the first estimate of the total market value of unpaid work in Turkey using nationally representative data from the 2006 Time-Use Survey TUS . Taking advantage of a similar study for EU countries also based on 2006 European TUS, we are able to assess the Turkish results from a cross-country perspective. Our results show that unpaid domestic work hours constitute as much as 52 percent of total work hours in Turkey, and 86 percent is performed by women. Considering the total annual paid + unpaid work hours in Turkey, we find that women perform more than half 55 percent of total work. We estimate the market value of unpaid work in domestic goods and services production at a minimum of 21 percent of official GDP in 2006 and a maximum of 29 percent, depending on the method of estimation. Comparison of our results to parallel estimations for EU countries shows that the market value of household production in Turkey is slightly lower than the EU average expressed as share of GDP. What distinguishes the Turkish case from the EU is the immense gender imbalance in the distribution of market versus non-market work hours and also the very low market replacement wage rate reflecting inherent gender biases in the labor market. The findings have important policy implications for Turkey with respect to the urgent need for interventions towards redistribution of unpaid domestic work between the market and non-market spheres, as well as between women and men within the household; and the potential therein for boosting growth and employment in Turkey

Keywords

Unpaid work, gender inequalities, time-use, household satellite GDP accounts, Turkey

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