Avrupa Bütünleşmesinin Euro Bölgesinin Çevre Ekonomileri Üzerindeki Etkileri: İrlanda, İspanya, Portekiz ve Yunanistan Örnekleri

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 64, 195 - 228, 01.01.2020

Emre Ergüven

Abstract

amaçlara sahip oldu: kapitalizmin “barış” koşullarında zor dışı yollarla yayılması ve işlemesi; Doğu blokundan korunma arzusu, bununla da bağlantılı olarak ABD sermayesiyle bütünleşme ihtiyacı; daha sonrasında emperyalistler arası rekabette ayakta kalma ihtiyacı, bununla da bağlantılı olarak Euro bölgesi, Schengen sistemi gibi Avrupa sermayesinin elini güçlendirecek bütünleşme adımları ve bunların AB dışındaki bölgeleri de dâhil edecek şekilde genişlemesi. Bu bütünleşme sürecini meşrulaştırmak için de çeşitli teoriler ortaya atıldı veya bazı bütünleşme teorileri bu süreçleri meşrulaştırmak için kullanıldı; 1980’lerden itibaren AB’nin bütünleşmesinin hızlanmasıyla bu teoriler de gelişti ve büyük ölçüde AB bütünleşmesiyle ilgili süreçlerin sorgulanmasını, bunlara eleştirel yaklaşılmasını engellemeye dönük ideolojik ve kültürel bir ortam yarattı. Halbuki bu yaklaşımlar Euro bölgesinin çevre ülkelerinin gerçekliğini açıklamaktan uzaktır. Bu çalışma, İrlanda, İspanya, Portekiz ve Yunanistan’ın dünya ekonomisi içindeki yerlerini, bu ülkelere gerçekleşen sermaye hareketleri ile bunların sabit sermaye yatırımı yaratma kapasitelerini, bu durumun bu ülkelerin emek maliyetlerini nasıl etkilediğini inceleyerek Avrupa bütünleşmesine dair anaakım yaklaşımların sunduğu çerçevenin yanıltıcı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle Euro bölgesinin hayata geçmesinin ardından, incelenen ülkelerin rekabet güçleri aşınmış, ücretlilerin gelirleri düşmüş, sermaye akımları sabit sermaye yatırımlarına dönüşmemiş, imalat sanayileri yüksek teknolojili ve katma değer yaratan bir yapıdan uzak kalmıştır. Euro bölgesi krizi de bu eğilimleri özellikle ücretlerin baskılanması konusunda daha da kuvvetlendirmiştir. Krize karşı çevre ülkelere dayatılan politikalar da mevcut çelişkileri yeniden üretme eğilimindedir

Keywords

Avrupa Bütünleşmesi, Ekonomik ve Parasal Birlik, Euro Bölgesi Krizi, Çevre Ülkeler, Ücretlerin Baskılanması

The Impacts of European Integration on the Periphery Countries of the Eurozone: The Case of Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain

Abstract

The European Union EU has had several aims during its establishment and development processes: expansion and functioning of capitalism in “peace” conditions without coercion; the desire of protecting itself against Eastern Bloc, correspondingly the need to integrate to the U.S. capital; later on, the need to survive in the interimperialist rivalry, correspondingly the integration steps such as Eurozone and Schengen system that would strengthen European capital and enlargement of these practices to the new regions of Europe. In order to legitimise this process of integration, various theories were developed or some existing integration theories were employed. From 1980s onwards, together with the acceleration of the EU integration, these theories as well have gained momentum, and they have created an ideological and cultural environment oriented at preventing the questioning of and critical approaches about the EU integration. However, these texts are far from explaining the realities of the periphery countries of the Eurozone. By examining the place of Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain in the world economy, capital movements to these countries and their capacity to create fixed capital formation, how these facts affect the labour costs in these countries, this paper reveals that mainstream approaches about the EU integration are fallacious. Especially after the establishment of the Eurozone, their competitive powers have deteriorated, wages have decreased, capital movements have failed to turn into fixed capital formation, and their manufacturing industries have been far from creating high technology and value-added. And the Eurozone crisis has reinforced these tendencies, not least the suppression of wages. The policies imposed on the periphery countries as a response to the crisis tend to reproduce the current contradictions

Keywords

European Integration, Economic and Monetary Union, Eurozone Crisis, Periphery Countries, Suppression of Wages

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