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Debates On “Adequate Minimum Wage” In The European Union and Review Of Directive: 2022/2041

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 82, 1023 - 1070, 31.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1504365

Abstract

When it first emerged, minimum wage practices aimed only protecting workers in the lowest income group against economic and social risks, and became an effective tool in regulating the entire labor market. Minimum wage, which represents the lowest wage that can be paid to the workforce for its work, has economic, social and political dimensions. These features have made it an critical area of conflict between labor and capital. It represents a balance between the needs of the worker and his/her family and the paying capacity of employers.
Especially in times of economic instability, depression and crisis, the issue of minimum wage often comes to the fore. Minimum wage is an important tool to eliminate the risks posed by these conditions and to stabilize the economy again. On the one hand, while the minimum wage protects the poorest segments of society on the other hand creates a basis for sustainable economic growth by increasing total demand through the consumption expenditures of this segment which has a high marginal consumption tendency. The European Union has not made any regulations on the minimum wage at the union level for a long time. However, the 2008 crisis, the Covid Pandemic and most recently the war conditions in the surrounding countries have disrupted the stable economies of the EU countries and their social welfare state policies which they have been implementing for a long time. As a result of these developments that occurred in a relatively short period of time, the EU prepared a Directive regarding the minimum wage with the participation of the Union members and is binding on all member countries of the Union.
In this study, first the former regulations regarding the minimum wage in the EU were discussed, and then the justifications for the emergence of the "Directive 2022/2041 on an Adequate Minimum Wage", which adopted in 2022, were discussed and examined in the context of its regulations and implementation processes.

References

  • AB Genel Sekreterliği (2011) AB Antlaşması ve Avrupa Birliği’nin İşleyişi Hakkında Antlaşma. https://ab.gov.tr/files/pub/antlasmalar.pdf (05.01.2024)
  • Akgül O. (2016) “Türkiye’de Asgari Ücretim Mahzurlu Alanları Ve Öneriler”, HAK-İŞ Uluslararası Emek Ve Toplum Dergisi, 11, 96-127.
  • Arpaia A., Cardoso P., Kiss A., Van Herck K. ve Vandeplas A. (2017) “Statutory Minimum Wages In the EU: Institutional Settings And Macroeconomic Implications”, Institute Of Labor Economics Policy Paper Series, 124.
  • Bruckmeier, K. ve Bruttel, O. (2021) “Minimum Wage As A Social Policy Instrument; Evidence from Germany”, Journal of Social Policy, 50(2), 247-266.
  • Detragiache, E., Ebeke C., Jirasavetakul La-Bhus J., Kirabaeva K., Malacrino D., Misch F., Park H., Shi Y. (2020) “A European Minimum Wage: Implications For Poverty and Macroeconomic Imbalances”, IMF Working Paper, 20(59), https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2020/05/22/A-European-Minimum-Wage-Implications-for-Poverty-and-Macroeconomic-Imbalances-49453 (10.01.2024)
  • Dingeldey, I. Schulten T. ve Grimshaw D. (2021) Introduction Minimum Wage Regimes in Europe and Selected Developing Countries. Irene Dingeldey, Damian Grimshaw ve Thorsten Schulten (der.), Minimum Wage Regimes: Statutory Regulation, Collective Bargaining and Adequate Levels, New York: Routledge.
  • Disk-Ar (2018) “Asgari Ücret Gerçeği Raporu”, Disk Araştırma Dairesi.
  • Disk-Ar (2022) “Asgari Ücret Gerçeği 2023 Raporu”, Disk Araştırma Dairesi.
  • Docquier, F., Özden Ç., ve Peri G., (2010) “The Wage Effects of Immigration And Emigration”, Nber Working Paper, 16646.
  • EUROFOUND (2017) “In-work Poverty In The EU”, Publications Office Of The European Union, Lüksemburg.
  • EUROFOUND (2023) “Minimum Wages In 2023: Annual Review”, Minimum Wages In The EU Series, Publications Office Of The European Union, Lüksemburg.
  • European Commission (2020a) “Proposal For A Directive Of The European Parliament And Of The Council On Adequate Minimum Wages In The European Union”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0682, (25.11.2023)
  • European Commission (2020b) First Phase Consultation Of Social Partners Under Article 154 TFEU On A Possible Action Addressing The Challenges Related To Fair Minimum Wages, Consultation Document, 3570.
  • EUROSTAT (2024a), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tespm070/default/table?lang=en (02.02.2024)
  • EUROSTAT (2024b), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_ses_pub1s/default/table?lang=en(02.02.2024)
  • Guschanski A. ve Onaran Ö., “The Decline In The Wage Share: Falling Bargaining Power Of Labour Or Technological Progress? Industry-level Evidence From The OECD”, Socio-Economic Review, 20(3), 1091–1124.
  • Gül Yücel, K. (2019) “Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Asgari Ücret Uygulamasının Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirilmesi”, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 3(2), 338-364.
  • Haapanala, H., Marx, I., Parolin, Z. (2022) “Decent Wage Floors In Europe: Does The Minimum Wage Directive Get It Right?”, Institute Of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series, 15660, https://docs.iza.org/dp15660.pdf (27.11.2023)
  • Hick, R. ve Marx I., (2022) "Poor Workers in Rich Democracies: On the Nature of In-Work Poverty and Its Relationship to Labour Market Policies," IZA Discussion Papers, 15163.
  • ILO (2014) Minimum Wage Systems, International Labour Conference, 103. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_235287.pdf (10.10.2023)
  • ILO (2022a), “The New EU Directive On Minimum Wage Sets A Dual Goal” https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_861051/lang--en/index.htm (10.10.2023)
  • ILO (2022b), “Global Wage Report 2022-23-The Impact Of Inflation And Covid-19 On Wages And Purchasing Power”, International Labour Office.
  • ILO “How To Define A Minimum Wage” https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/wages/minimum-wages/definition/lang--en/index.htm (10.12.2023)
  • Kampelmann S., Garnero A., Rycx F. (2020) “Minimum Wages In Europe: Does The Diversity Of Systems Lead To A Diversity Of Outcomes?” ETUI, The European Trade Union Institute.
  • Karakas, C. (2015) “The Minimum Wage A Motor Growth Or Breake”, European Parliamentary Research Service, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/568338/EPRS_BRI(2015)568338_EN.pdf (15.01.2024)
  • Lecerf M. (2020) Minimum Wages in EU, European Parliamentary Research Service Brifings, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/659294/EPRS_BRI(2020)659294_EN.pdf (15.01.2023)
  • Marinakis, A. (2009) “The Role Of ILO In The Development Of Minimum Wages”, ILO Century Project, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_180793.pdf (21.11.2023)
  • Müller T. (2023) “Minimum Wage Developments In 2022-Fighting The Cost Of Living Crisis”, ETUI Policy Brief, 2023.02.
  • Müller T., Vandaele K. ve Zwysen W. (2023) “Wages And Collective Bargaining: Fighting The Cost-Of-Living Crises”, Countouris N., Piasna A. ve Theodopoulou S. (Der.), Benchmarking Working Europe 2023-Europe in Transition Towards Sustainable Resilience, ETUI, The European Trade Union Institute, 77-98.
  • Müller, T. (2024) “Dawn Of A New Era? The Impact Of The European Directive On Adequate Minimum Wages In 2024” European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) Policy Brief, 2024.02.
  • OECD (2022) “Minimum Wages In Times Of Rising Inflation”, https://www.oecd.org/employment/Minimum-wages-in-times-of-rising-inflation.pdf (14.01.2023)
  • Official Journal Of The European Union (2022) “Directive (EU) 2022/2041 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council Of 19 October 2022 On Adequate Minimum Wages In The European Union”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022L2041 (15.11.2023)
  • Pape, M. (2022) “Directive On Adequate Minimum Wages”, Briefing EU Legislation On Progess, European Parliamentary Research Service, 733.535.
  • Schulten, T. (2008), “Towards A European Minimum Wage Policy? Fair Wages And Social Europe”, European Journal Of Industrial Relations, 14(4) , 421-439.
  • Schulten T. (2012) “Minimum Wages In Europe Under Austerity-WSI Minimum Wage Report 2012”, ETUI Policy Brief European Economic, Employment and Social Policy.
  • Schulten, T. (2014) “Countours Of A European Minimum Wage”, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, https://www.epsu.org/sites/default/files/article/files/Contours_of_a_Minimum_Wage_Policy_Schulten.pdf, (24.11.2023)
  • Schulten T. (2020) “Statutory And Collectively Agreed Minimum Wages In Europe-An International Overview", Reinhard Bispinck, Claus Schafer Ve Thorsten Schulten (Der.), Minimum Wages In Europe içinde, Brüksel: The European Trade Union Institute, 1-26.
  • Schulten T. ve Müller T. (2020) “Between Poverty Wages And Living Wages. Minimum Wage Regimes In The European Union”, European Studies For Social And Labour Market Policy, 1/2020.
  • Sjödin, E. (2022) “European Minimum Wage: A Swedish Perspective On EU’s Competence In Social Policy In The Wake Of The Proposed Directive On Adequate Minimum Wages In The EU”, European Labour Law Journal, 13(2), 273-291.
  • Vacas Soriano, C. (2022) “How To Ensure Adequate Minimum Wages In An Age Of Inflation”, https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/blog/2022/how-ensure-adequate-minimum-wages-age-inflation, (02.01.2024)

Avrupa Birliği’nde “Yeterli Asgari Ücret” Tartışmaları ve 2022/2041 Sayılı Yönergenin İncelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 82, 1023 - 1070, 31.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1504365

Abstract

İlk ortaya çıktığı dönemde sadece en alt gelir grubunda yer alan işçilerin ekonomik ve sosyal risklere karşı korunmasını amaçlayan asgari ücret uygulamaları sonrasında işgücü piyasalarının bütünün düzenlenmesinde etkili bir araç halini almıştır. İşgücüne çalışması karşılığında ödenebilecek en düşük ücreti ifade eden asgari ücret ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasal boyutlara sahiptir. Bu özellikleri kendisini emek ve sermaye arasındaki çatışmanın önemli bir alanı haline getirmiştir. İşçi ve ailesinin ihtiyaçları ile işverenlerin ödeme kapasiteleri arasında bir dengeyi ifade etmektedir. Özellikle ekonomik istikrarsızlık, buhran ve kriz dönemlerinde asgari ücret konusu sıklıkla gündeme gelmektedir. Asgari ücret bir yandan bu koşulların ortaya çıkardığı risklerin bertaraf edilmesi ve ekonominin tekrar istikrarlı hale getirilmesi için önemli bir araçtır. Asgari ücret bir yandan toplumun en yoksul kesimini korurken bir yandan da marjinal tüketim eğilimi yüksek olan bu kesimin tüketim harcamaları yoluyla toplam talebi artırarak sürdürülebilir bir ekonomik büyüme için dayanak noktası oluşturmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği, asgari ücret konusunda birlik düzeyinde uzunca bir süre düzenleme yapmamıştır. Bununla birlikte 2008 krizi, Covid Pandemisi ve en son da çevre ülkelerde ortaya çıkan savaş koşulları AB ülkelerinin istikrarlı ekonomilerini ve uzunca bir süredir uyguladıkları sosyal refah devleti politikalarını sekteye uğratmıştır. Kısa sayılabilecek bir zaman diliminde ortaya çıkan bu gelişmeler sonucunda AB asgari ücret ile ilgili Birlik üyelerinin katılımıyla ve Birlik üyesi bütün ülkeleri bağlayan bir yönerge hazırlamıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak AB’nde asgari ücret ile ilgili geçmiş düzenlemeler ele alınmış sonrasında ise 2022 yılından kabul edilen “Yeterli Bir Asgari Ücrete Yönelik 2022/2041 Sayılı Yönerge” ortaya çıkış gerekçeleri, düzenlenme ve uygulanma süreçleri bağlamında ele alınıp, incelenmiştir.

References

  • AB Genel Sekreterliği (2011) AB Antlaşması ve Avrupa Birliği’nin İşleyişi Hakkında Antlaşma. https://ab.gov.tr/files/pub/antlasmalar.pdf (05.01.2024)
  • Akgül O. (2016) “Türkiye’de Asgari Ücretim Mahzurlu Alanları Ve Öneriler”, HAK-İŞ Uluslararası Emek Ve Toplum Dergisi, 11, 96-127.
  • Arpaia A., Cardoso P., Kiss A., Van Herck K. ve Vandeplas A. (2017) “Statutory Minimum Wages In the EU: Institutional Settings And Macroeconomic Implications”, Institute Of Labor Economics Policy Paper Series, 124.
  • Bruckmeier, K. ve Bruttel, O. (2021) “Minimum Wage As A Social Policy Instrument; Evidence from Germany”, Journal of Social Policy, 50(2), 247-266.
  • Detragiache, E., Ebeke C., Jirasavetakul La-Bhus J., Kirabaeva K., Malacrino D., Misch F., Park H., Shi Y. (2020) “A European Minimum Wage: Implications For Poverty and Macroeconomic Imbalances”, IMF Working Paper, 20(59), https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2020/05/22/A-European-Minimum-Wage-Implications-for-Poverty-and-Macroeconomic-Imbalances-49453 (10.01.2024)
  • Dingeldey, I. Schulten T. ve Grimshaw D. (2021) Introduction Minimum Wage Regimes in Europe and Selected Developing Countries. Irene Dingeldey, Damian Grimshaw ve Thorsten Schulten (der.), Minimum Wage Regimes: Statutory Regulation, Collective Bargaining and Adequate Levels, New York: Routledge.
  • Disk-Ar (2018) “Asgari Ücret Gerçeği Raporu”, Disk Araştırma Dairesi.
  • Disk-Ar (2022) “Asgari Ücret Gerçeği 2023 Raporu”, Disk Araştırma Dairesi.
  • Docquier, F., Özden Ç., ve Peri G., (2010) “The Wage Effects of Immigration And Emigration”, Nber Working Paper, 16646.
  • EUROFOUND (2017) “In-work Poverty In The EU”, Publications Office Of The European Union, Lüksemburg.
  • EUROFOUND (2023) “Minimum Wages In 2023: Annual Review”, Minimum Wages In The EU Series, Publications Office Of The European Union, Lüksemburg.
  • European Commission (2020a) “Proposal For A Directive Of The European Parliament And Of The Council On Adequate Minimum Wages In The European Union”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0682, (25.11.2023)
  • European Commission (2020b) First Phase Consultation Of Social Partners Under Article 154 TFEU On A Possible Action Addressing The Challenges Related To Fair Minimum Wages, Consultation Document, 3570.
  • EUROSTAT (2024a), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tespm070/default/table?lang=en (02.02.2024)
  • EUROSTAT (2024b), https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/earn_ses_pub1s/default/table?lang=en(02.02.2024)
  • Guschanski A. ve Onaran Ö., “The Decline In The Wage Share: Falling Bargaining Power Of Labour Or Technological Progress? Industry-level Evidence From The OECD”, Socio-Economic Review, 20(3), 1091–1124.
  • Gül Yücel, K. (2019) “Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Asgari Ücret Uygulamasının Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirilmesi”, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 3(2), 338-364.
  • Haapanala, H., Marx, I., Parolin, Z. (2022) “Decent Wage Floors In Europe: Does The Minimum Wage Directive Get It Right?”, Institute Of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series, 15660, https://docs.iza.org/dp15660.pdf (27.11.2023)
  • Hick, R. ve Marx I., (2022) "Poor Workers in Rich Democracies: On the Nature of In-Work Poverty and Its Relationship to Labour Market Policies," IZA Discussion Papers, 15163.
  • ILO (2014) Minimum Wage Systems, International Labour Conference, 103. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_235287.pdf (10.10.2023)
  • ILO (2022a), “The New EU Directive On Minimum Wage Sets A Dual Goal” https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_861051/lang--en/index.htm (10.10.2023)
  • ILO (2022b), “Global Wage Report 2022-23-The Impact Of Inflation And Covid-19 On Wages And Purchasing Power”, International Labour Office.
  • ILO “How To Define A Minimum Wage” https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/wages/minimum-wages/definition/lang--en/index.htm (10.12.2023)
  • Kampelmann S., Garnero A., Rycx F. (2020) “Minimum Wages In Europe: Does The Diversity Of Systems Lead To A Diversity Of Outcomes?” ETUI, The European Trade Union Institute.
  • Karakas, C. (2015) “The Minimum Wage A Motor Growth Or Breake”, European Parliamentary Research Service, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/568338/EPRS_BRI(2015)568338_EN.pdf (15.01.2024)
  • Lecerf M. (2020) Minimum Wages in EU, European Parliamentary Research Service Brifings, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/659294/EPRS_BRI(2020)659294_EN.pdf (15.01.2023)
  • Marinakis, A. (2009) “The Role Of ILO In The Development Of Minimum Wages”, ILO Century Project, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_180793.pdf (21.11.2023)
  • Müller T. (2023) “Minimum Wage Developments In 2022-Fighting The Cost Of Living Crisis”, ETUI Policy Brief, 2023.02.
  • Müller T., Vandaele K. ve Zwysen W. (2023) “Wages And Collective Bargaining: Fighting The Cost-Of-Living Crises”, Countouris N., Piasna A. ve Theodopoulou S. (Der.), Benchmarking Working Europe 2023-Europe in Transition Towards Sustainable Resilience, ETUI, The European Trade Union Institute, 77-98.
  • Müller, T. (2024) “Dawn Of A New Era? The Impact Of The European Directive On Adequate Minimum Wages In 2024” European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) Policy Brief, 2024.02.
  • OECD (2022) “Minimum Wages In Times Of Rising Inflation”, https://www.oecd.org/employment/Minimum-wages-in-times-of-rising-inflation.pdf (14.01.2023)
  • Official Journal Of The European Union (2022) “Directive (EU) 2022/2041 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council Of 19 October 2022 On Adequate Minimum Wages In The European Union”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022L2041 (15.11.2023)
  • Pape, M. (2022) “Directive On Adequate Minimum Wages”, Briefing EU Legislation On Progess, European Parliamentary Research Service, 733.535.
  • Schulten, T. (2008), “Towards A European Minimum Wage Policy? Fair Wages And Social Europe”, European Journal Of Industrial Relations, 14(4) , 421-439.
  • Schulten T. (2012) “Minimum Wages In Europe Under Austerity-WSI Minimum Wage Report 2012”, ETUI Policy Brief European Economic, Employment and Social Policy.
  • Schulten, T. (2014) “Countours Of A European Minimum Wage”, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, https://www.epsu.org/sites/default/files/article/files/Contours_of_a_Minimum_Wage_Policy_Schulten.pdf, (24.11.2023)
  • Schulten T. (2020) “Statutory And Collectively Agreed Minimum Wages In Europe-An International Overview", Reinhard Bispinck, Claus Schafer Ve Thorsten Schulten (Der.), Minimum Wages In Europe içinde, Brüksel: The European Trade Union Institute, 1-26.
  • Schulten T. ve Müller T. (2020) “Between Poverty Wages And Living Wages. Minimum Wage Regimes In The European Union”, European Studies For Social And Labour Market Policy, 1/2020.
  • Sjödin, E. (2022) “European Minimum Wage: A Swedish Perspective On EU’s Competence In Social Policy In The Wake Of The Proposed Directive On Adequate Minimum Wages In The EU”, European Labour Law Journal, 13(2), 273-291.
  • Vacas Soriano, C. (2022) “How To Ensure Adequate Minimum Wages In An Age Of Inflation”, https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/blog/2022/how-ensure-adequate-minimum-wages-age-inflation, (02.01.2024)
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Halil Balcı 0000-0002-3202-0490

Faruk Sapancalı 0000-0002-7443-6283

Early Pub Date June 25, 2024
Publication Date July 31, 2024
Submission Date March 21, 2024
Acceptance Date June 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 3 Issue: 82

Cite

APA Balcı, H., & Sapancalı, F. (2024). Avrupa Birliği’nde “Yeterli Asgari Ücret” Tartışmaları ve 2022/2041 Sayılı Yönergenin İncelenmesi. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 3(82), 1023-1070. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1504365

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