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Türkiye’de Enflasyon ve İşsizlik İlişkisi: Teorik ve Ampirik Bir İnceleme

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 87, 1601 - 1630, 25.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1689546

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 2000-2024 yılları arasında Türkiye ekonomisinde enflasyon ve işsizlik arasındaki uzun vadeli ilişkiyi, dinamiklerini ve yapısal özelliklerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Enflasyon ve işsizlik, makroekonomik istikrarın temel belirleyicileri olup, bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkinin doğru analiz edilmesi, etkili ekonomik politikaların oluşturulması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu kapsamda, çalışmada enflasyon ve işsizlik arasındaki zamansal etkileşimleri analiz etmek için Vektör Otoregresyon (VAR) modeli kullanılmış, değişkenler arasındaki uzun vadeli ilişkinin varlığını belirlemek amacıyla Johansen eşbütünleşme testi uygulanmıştır. Test bulguları, enflasyon ve işsizlik değişkenleri arasında uzun vadeli eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, Granger ve Dumitrescu-Hurlin nedensellik testleri sonuçları, değişkenler arasında hem tek hem de çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkilerinin mevcut olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular, enflasyonun gecikmeli değerleri aracılığıyla işsizlik üzerinde belirleyici bir etkisinin bulunduğunu ve fiyat istikrarı politikalarının işgücü piyasası koşullarını doğrudan etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, fiyat istikrarı ve işgücü piyasası reformlarının eş zamanlı olarak ele alınması, ekonomik istikrar ve toplumsal refah açısından kritik bir gereklilik olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Çalışmanın ampirik sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye için enflasyonla mücadelede sıkı para politikalarının istihdam üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini azaltmaya yönelik destekleyici işgücü politikalarının geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, işsizlikle mücadelede sadece kısa vadeli önlemler yerine, üretken yatırımları teşvik eden ve istihdamı artırıcı yapısal reformların uygulanması fayda sağlayacaktır. Bu çerçevede, politika yapıcıların enflasyon ve işsizliği birlikte değerlendirerek bütüncül ve uzun vadeli stratejiler geliştirmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.

References

  • Adebowale, K. B. (2015). The relationship between inflation and unemployment in Nigeria (Master of Science in Economics). Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, North Cyprus.
  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1998). Endogenous growth theory. MIT Press.
  • Ak, Ö. (2021). Analysis of the relationship between economic growth, inflation and unemployment in Turkey with the ARDL bounds testing approach. Pearson Journal. https://doi.org/10.46872/pj.367
  • Arestis, P., & Sawyer, M. (2008a). A critical reconsideration of the foundations of monetary policy in the new consensus macroeconomics framework. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 32(5), 761-779. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bem019
  • Arestis, P., & Sawyer, M. (2008b). Economic policies of the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Atgür, M. (2020). Inflation and unemployment relationship in Turkey: An examination on the validity of Phillips curve (1988-2017). International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 40, 572-605. https://doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.2617
  • Ball, L., & Mankiw, N. G. (2002). The NAIRU in theory and practice. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(4), 115-136. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533002320771719
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2007a). Inflation expectations and inflation dynamics. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2007(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.969799
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2007b). Inflation expectations and inflation dynamics. American Economic Review, 97(2), 542-545. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.542
  • Blanchard, O., & Galí, J. (2010). Labor markets and monetary policy: A new Keynesian model with unemployment. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2(2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.2.1
  • Buyrukoğlu, A., & Altunakar Mercan, Ş. (2022). Enflasyon ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye için ampirik bir araştırma. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(3), 1509-1524. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1115116
  • Friedman, M. (1968). The role of monetary policy. American Economic Review, 58(1), 1-17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1802220
  • Dayıoğlu, T., & Aydın, Y. (2020). Relationship between economic growth, unemployment, inflation and current account balance: Theory and case of Turkey. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93833
  • Dereli, D. D. (2019). The relationship between inflation and unemployment in Turkey: An ARDL bounds testing approach. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 246-257.
  • Doğan, F. C. (2023). Pozitif eğilimli bir Phillips eğrisi mümkün mü? Akademik Açı, 3(2), 229-276. https://doi.org/10.1234/academica.2023.004
  • Dornbusch, R. (1998). The macroeconomics of hyperinflation. In The globalization of financial markets: A critical review (pp. 75-102). Oxford University Press.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger causality in heterogeneous panels. The Econometrics Journal, 15(2), 262-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2012.00393.x
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
  • Gordon, R. J. (1977). Inflation, flexible exchange rates, and the natural rate of unemployment. In: Stabilization Policies in Open Economies. IMF Staff Papers, 24, 1–19.
  • Hanke, S. H., & Schuler, K. (2002). Zimbabwe: From hyperinflation to growth. Cato Institute.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Karaca, O. (2003). Türkiye’de enflasyon-büyüme ilişkisi: Zaman serisi analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 4(2), 247-255.
  • Karahan, Ö., Çolak, O., & Bölükbaşı, Ö. F. (2012). Tradeoff between inflation and unemployment in Turkey. The 6th International Days of Statistics and Economics, Prague, September 13-15.
  • Kartal, G. (2024). Türkiye'de Phillips eğrisinin geçerliliği: Çoklu yapısal kırılmalara dayalı ampirik bulgular. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 39(1), 114-138.
  • Kitov, I., & Kitov, O. (2013). Inflation, unemployment and labor force: Phillips curves and long-term projections for Japan. MPRA Paper No. 49388 https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49388/
  • Lacker, J. M., & Weinberg, J. A. (2006). Inflation and unemployment: A layperson’s guide to the Phillips curve. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Annual Report, 1-23.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1972). “Expectations and the neutrality of money.” Journal of Economic Theory, 4(2), 103–124. Ormerod, P., Bridget R., & Phelps, P. (2009). Inflation/unemployment regimes and the instability of the Phillips curve. Economics, Discussion Paper, No. 43. http://www.economicsejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers/2009-43
  • Mishkin, F. S. (2007). Monetary policy strategy. MIT Press.
  • Mishkin, F. S. (2007). The Economics of money, banking, and financial markets. Pearson.
  • Muth, J. F. (1961). “Rational expectations and the theory of price movements.” Econometrica, 29(3), 315–335
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361–1401. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913712
  • Phelps, E. S. (1967). Phillips curves, expectations of inflation and optimal unemployment over time. Economica, 34(135), 254-281. https://doi.org/10.2307/2551670
  • Phillips, A. W. (1958). The relationship between unemployment and the rate of change of money wage rates in the United Kingdom 1861-1957. Economica, 25(100), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.2307/2550457
  • Taylor, J. B. (1993). Discretion versus policy rules in practice. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 39, 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(93)90008-L
  • Temür, T. (2013). Türkiye’de uygulanan dış ticaret politikalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bilecik.
  • Samuelson, P. A., & Solow, R. M. (1960). Analytical aspects of anti-inflation policy. The American Economic Review, 50(2), 177-194.
  • Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and reality. Econometrica, 48(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912017 TCMB. (2025). Döviz kuru oranı, faiz oranı, kamu harcamaları. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/tr/tcmb+tr/main+page+site+area/veriler
  • TUİK. (2025). İşsizlik oranı, döviz kuru oranı, kamu harcamaları. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Yılmaz, F., Seker, O., & Pektas, E. (2019). Testing the validity of the Phillips curve for Turkey with vector autoregressive and Markov switching models on the basis of inflation and unemployment. International Journal of Economics and Social Sciences.
  • World Bank. (2025). World development indicators. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator

The Relationship Between Inflation and Unemployment in Türkiye: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 87, 1601 - 1630, 25.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1689546

Abstract

This study aims to examine the long-term relationship, dynamics, and structural characteristics between inflation and unemployment in the Turkish economy between 2000 and 2024. Inflation and unemployment are key determinants of macroeconomic stability, and accurately analyzing the relationship between these two variables is crucial for the formulation of effective economic policies. In this context, the study uses the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model to analyze the temporal interactions between inflation and unemployment, and the Johansen cointegration test was applied to determine the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables. The test results indicate that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between inflation and unemployment. Additionally, the results of the Granger and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality tests reveal the presence of both unidirectional and bidirectional causality relationships between the variables. The findings show that inflation has a significant impact on unemployment through its lagged values and that price stability policies can directly affect labor market conditions. As a result, the simultaneous consideration of price stability and labor market reforms emerges as a critical requirement for economic stability and societal welfare. Based on the empirical findings, it is recommended that supportive labor market policies be developed to mitigate the negative effects of tight monetary policies on employment in the fight against inflation in Türkiye. Furthermore, in the fight against unemployment, rather than relying solely on short-term measures, the implementation of structural reforms that encourage productive investments and increase employment would be beneficial. In this context, it is of great importance for policymakers to develop holistic and long-term strategies by considering both inflation and unemployment together.

References

  • Adebowale, K. B. (2015). The relationship between inflation and unemployment in Nigeria (Master of Science in Economics). Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, North Cyprus.
  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1998). Endogenous growth theory. MIT Press.
  • Ak, Ö. (2021). Analysis of the relationship between economic growth, inflation and unemployment in Turkey with the ARDL bounds testing approach. Pearson Journal. https://doi.org/10.46872/pj.367
  • Arestis, P., & Sawyer, M. (2008a). A critical reconsideration of the foundations of monetary policy in the new consensus macroeconomics framework. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 32(5), 761-779. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bem019
  • Arestis, P., & Sawyer, M. (2008b). Economic policies of the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Atgür, M. (2020). Inflation and unemployment relationship in Turkey: An examination on the validity of Phillips curve (1988-2017). International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 40, 572-605. https://doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.2617
  • Ball, L., & Mankiw, N. G. (2002). The NAIRU in theory and practice. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(4), 115-136. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533002320771719
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2007a). Inflation expectations and inflation dynamics. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2007(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.969799
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2007b). Inflation expectations and inflation dynamics. American Economic Review, 97(2), 542-545. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.542
  • Blanchard, O., & Galí, J. (2010). Labor markets and monetary policy: A new Keynesian model with unemployment. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2(2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.2.1
  • Buyrukoğlu, A., & Altunakar Mercan, Ş. (2022). Enflasyon ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye için ampirik bir araştırma. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(3), 1509-1524. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1115116
  • Friedman, M. (1968). The role of monetary policy. American Economic Review, 58(1), 1-17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1802220
  • Dayıoğlu, T., & Aydın, Y. (2020). Relationship between economic growth, unemployment, inflation and current account balance: Theory and case of Turkey. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93833
  • Dereli, D. D. (2019). The relationship between inflation and unemployment in Turkey: An ARDL bounds testing approach. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 246-257.
  • Doğan, F. C. (2023). Pozitif eğilimli bir Phillips eğrisi mümkün mü? Akademik Açı, 3(2), 229-276. https://doi.org/10.1234/academica.2023.004
  • Dornbusch, R. (1998). The macroeconomics of hyperinflation. In The globalization of financial markets: A critical review (pp. 75-102). Oxford University Press.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger causality in heterogeneous panels. The Econometrics Journal, 15(2), 262-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2012.00393.x
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
  • Gordon, R. J. (1977). Inflation, flexible exchange rates, and the natural rate of unemployment. In: Stabilization Policies in Open Economies. IMF Staff Papers, 24, 1–19.
  • Hanke, S. H., & Schuler, K. (2002). Zimbabwe: From hyperinflation to growth. Cato Institute.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Karaca, O. (2003). Türkiye’de enflasyon-büyüme ilişkisi: Zaman serisi analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 4(2), 247-255.
  • Karahan, Ö., Çolak, O., & Bölükbaşı, Ö. F. (2012). Tradeoff between inflation and unemployment in Turkey. The 6th International Days of Statistics and Economics, Prague, September 13-15.
  • Kartal, G. (2024). Türkiye'de Phillips eğrisinin geçerliliği: Çoklu yapısal kırılmalara dayalı ampirik bulgular. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 39(1), 114-138.
  • Kitov, I., & Kitov, O. (2013). Inflation, unemployment and labor force: Phillips curves and long-term projections for Japan. MPRA Paper No. 49388 https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49388/
  • Lacker, J. M., & Weinberg, J. A. (2006). Inflation and unemployment: A layperson’s guide to the Phillips curve. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Annual Report, 1-23.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1972). “Expectations and the neutrality of money.” Journal of Economic Theory, 4(2), 103–124. Ormerod, P., Bridget R., & Phelps, P. (2009). Inflation/unemployment regimes and the instability of the Phillips curve. Economics, Discussion Paper, No. 43. http://www.economicsejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers/2009-43
  • Mishkin, F. S. (2007). Monetary policy strategy. MIT Press.
  • Mishkin, F. S. (2007). The Economics of money, banking, and financial markets. Pearson.
  • Muth, J. F. (1961). “Rational expectations and the theory of price movements.” Econometrica, 29(3), 315–335
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361–1401. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913712
  • Phelps, E. S. (1967). Phillips curves, expectations of inflation and optimal unemployment over time. Economica, 34(135), 254-281. https://doi.org/10.2307/2551670
  • Phillips, A. W. (1958). The relationship between unemployment and the rate of change of money wage rates in the United Kingdom 1861-1957. Economica, 25(100), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.2307/2550457
  • Taylor, J. B. (1993). Discretion versus policy rules in practice. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 39, 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(93)90008-L
  • Temür, T. (2013). Türkiye’de uygulanan dış ticaret politikalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bilecik.
  • Samuelson, P. A., & Solow, R. M. (1960). Analytical aspects of anti-inflation policy. The American Economic Review, 50(2), 177-194.
  • Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and reality. Econometrica, 48(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912017 TCMB. (2025). Döviz kuru oranı, faiz oranı, kamu harcamaları. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/tr/tcmb+tr/main+page+site+area/veriler
  • TUİK. (2025). İşsizlik oranı, döviz kuru oranı, kamu harcamaları. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Yılmaz, F., Seker, O., & Pektas, E. (2019). Testing the validity of the Phillips curve for Turkey with vector autoregressive and Markov switching models on the basis of inflation and unemployment. International Journal of Economics and Social Sciences.
  • World Bank. (2025). World development indicators. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Employment, Macroeconomics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fırat Cem Doğan 0000-0002-2398-1484

Publication Date October 25, 2025
Submission Date May 2, 2025
Acceptance Date October 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 87

Cite

APA Doğan, F. C. (2025). Türkiye’de Enflasyon ve İşsizlik İlişkisi: Teorik ve Ampirik Bir İnceleme. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 4(87), 1601-1630. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1689546

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