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Rheumatoid arthritis: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment strategies

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 20 - 28, 30.06.2025

Abstract

This review addresses the history, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment methods of rheumatoid arthritis in light of current literature. The prevalence, age and gender distribution, and genetic and environmental risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis are examined. The immunological mechanisms in the pathophysiology of the disease, its systemic effects in clinical findings, and extra-articular complications are explained. Additionally, early diagnostic approaches based on classification criteria and treatment strategies involving conventional and biological Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) are summarized. It is emphasized that early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and a multidisciplinary treatment approach improves the course of the disease and reduce complications. This review aims to provide a current and comprehensive perspective on the systemic effects of rheumatoid arthritis and modern treatment approaches.

References

  • Al-Rubaye AF, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Rheumatoid arthritis: history, stages, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2017;9:145-55.
  • Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2016;388:2023-38.
  • Karabulut G, Aşlar ZÖ. Romatoid artrit tedavi prensipleri: Neye geçiş yapalım? Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2021;60:42-3.
  • Lee DM, Weinblatt ME. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2001;358:903-11.
  • Scherer HU, Häupl T, Burmester GR. The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun. 2020;110:102400.
  • Radu AF, Bungau SG. Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Cells. 2021;10:2857.
  • Safiri S, Kolahi AA, Hoy D, Smith E, Bettampadi D, Mansournia MA et al. Global, regional and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis 1990–2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:1463-71.
  • Finckh A, Gilbert B, Hodkinson B, Bae SC, Thomas R, Deane KD et al. Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18:591-602.
  • Ergin ES, Kibar S. İleri yaşta artrit: Romatoid artrit ve ayırıcı tanısı. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;16:242-9.
  • Frisell T, Saevarsdottir S, Askling J. Family history of rheumatoid arthritis: an old concept with new developments. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12:335-43.
  • Wu D, Luo Y, Li T, Zhao X, Lv T, Fang G et al. Systemic complications of rheumatoid arthritis: focus on pathogenesis and treatment. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1051082.
  • McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2205-19.
  • Özoran K, Tulek N, Düzgün N. Romatoid artrit (RA) ve sitokinler: İnterlökin-1 (IL-1), interlökin-6 (IL-6), tümör nekrozis faktör alfa (TNF-α) ve interferon gama (IFN-γ). Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 1994;47:495-504.
  • İmren Y, Yüce A. Eklem fizyolojisi ve eklem hastalıklarının patofizyolojik temelleri. Totbid Derg. 2022;21:487-91.
  • Derksen VFAM, Huizinga TWJ, van der Woude D. The role of autoantibodies in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39:437-46.
  • Makrygiannakis D, Hermansson M, Ulfgren AK, Nicholas AP, Zendman AJ, Eklund A et al. Smoking increases peptidylarginine deiminase 2 enzyme expression in human lungs and increases citrullination in BAL cells. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:1488-92.
  • Tekeoğlu İ. İnflamatuvar romatizmal hastalıklar ve mikrobiyota. J Biotechnol Strateg Health Res. 2017;1:109-14.
  • Aletaha D, Smolen JS. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis: a review. JAMA. 2018;320:1360-72.
  • Littlejohn EA, Monrad SU. Early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Prim Care Clin Off Pract. 2018;45:237-55.
  • Meng CF, Lee YC, Schieir O, Valois MF, Butler MA, Boire G et al. Characterizing nonarticular pain at early rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis: evolution over the first year of treatment and impact on remission in a prospective real-world early rheumatoid arthritis cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2025;77:405-13.
  • Fautrel B, Kedra J, Rempenault C, Juge PA, Drouet J, Avouac J et al. 2024 update of the recommendations of the French Society of Rheumatology for the diagnosis and management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2024;91:105790.
  • Demirel A, Kırnap M. Romatoid artrit tedavisinde geleneksel ve güncel yaklaşımlar. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010;19:74-84.
  • Durmaz N, Ağardan NBM. Romatoid artrit tedavisinde hedeflendirilmiş ilaç taşıyıcı sistemlere genel bakış. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;48:259-73

Romatoid artrit: klinik bulgu, tanı ve tedavi stratejileri

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 20 - 28, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Bu derlemede, romatoid artritin tarihçesi, epidemiyolojisi, etiyolojisi, patogenezi ve patofizyolojisi, klinik bulguları, tanı kriterleri ve tedavi yöntemleri güncel literatür doğrultusunda ele alınmıştır. Romatoid artritin prevalansı, yaş ve cinsiyet dağılımı, genetik ve çevresel risk faktörleri incelenmiştir. Hastalığın patofizyolojisindeki immünolojik mekanizmaları, klinik bulgularında sistemik etkileri ve eklem dışı komplikasyonları açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca, romatoid artritin erken tanı yaklaşımları, sınıflandırma kriterleri temelinde değerlendirilmiş ve hastalığın tedavisinde kullanılan konvansiyonel ve biyolojik hastalık modifiye edici antiromatizmal ilaçlar (DMARD) ile tedavi stratejileri özetlenmiştir. Romatoid artritin erken tanısının ve multidisipliner tedavi yaklaşımının, hastalığın seyrini iyileştirdiği ve komplikasyonları azalttığı vurgulanmıştır. Bu derleme, romatoid artritin sistemik etkileri ve modern tedavi yaklaşımları konularında güncel ve bütüncül bir bakış açısı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Al-Rubaye AF, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Rheumatoid arthritis: history, stages, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2017;9:145-55.
  • Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2016;388:2023-38.
  • Karabulut G, Aşlar ZÖ. Romatoid artrit tedavi prensipleri: Neye geçiş yapalım? Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2021;60:42-3.
  • Lee DM, Weinblatt ME. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2001;358:903-11.
  • Scherer HU, Häupl T, Burmester GR. The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun. 2020;110:102400.
  • Radu AF, Bungau SG. Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Cells. 2021;10:2857.
  • Safiri S, Kolahi AA, Hoy D, Smith E, Bettampadi D, Mansournia MA et al. Global, regional and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis 1990–2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:1463-71.
  • Finckh A, Gilbert B, Hodkinson B, Bae SC, Thomas R, Deane KD et al. Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18:591-602.
  • Ergin ES, Kibar S. İleri yaşta artrit: Romatoid artrit ve ayırıcı tanısı. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;16:242-9.
  • Frisell T, Saevarsdottir S, Askling J. Family history of rheumatoid arthritis: an old concept with new developments. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12:335-43.
  • Wu D, Luo Y, Li T, Zhao X, Lv T, Fang G et al. Systemic complications of rheumatoid arthritis: focus on pathogenesis and treatment. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1051082.
  • McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2205-19.
  • Özoran K, Tulek N, Düzgün N. Romatoid artrit (RA) ve sitokinler: İnterlökin-1 (IL-1), interlökin-6 (IL-6), tümör nekrozis faktör alfa (TNF-α) ve interferon gama (IFN-γ). Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 1994;47:495-504.
  • İmren Y, Yüce A. Eklem fizyolojisi ve eklem hastalıklarının patofizyolojik temelleri. Totbid Derg. 2022;21:487-91.
  • Derksen VFAM, Huizinga TWJ, van der Woude D. The role of autoantibodies in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39:437-46.
  • Makrygiannakis D, Hermansson M, Ulfgren AK, Nicholas AP, Zendman AJ, Eklund A et al. Smoking increases peptidylarginine deiminase 2 enzyme expression in human lungs and increases citrullination in BAL cells. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:1488-92.
  • Tekeoğlu İ. İnflamatuvar romatizmal hastalıklar ve mikrobiyota. J Biotechnol Strateg Health Res. 2017;1:109-14.
  • Aletaha D, Smolen JS. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis: a review. JAMA. 2018;320:1360-72.
  • Littlejohn EA, Monrad SU. Early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Prim Care Clin Off Pract. 2018;45:237-55.
  • Meng CF, Lee YC, Schieir O, Valois MF, Butler MA, Boire G et al. Characterizing nonarticular pain at early rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis: evolution over the first year of treatment and impact on remission in a prospective real-world early rheumatoid arthritis cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2025;77:405-13.
  • Fautrel B, Kedra J, Rempenault C, Juge PA, Drouet J, Avouac J et al. 2024 update of the recommendations of the French Society of Rheumatology for the diagnosis and management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2024;91:105790.
  • Demirel A, Kırnap M. Romatoid artrit tedavisinde geleneksel ve güncel yaklaşımlar. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010;19:74-84.
  • Durmaz N, Ağardan NBM. Romatoid artrit tedavisinde hedeflendirilmiş ilaç taşıyıcı sistemlere genel bakış. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;48:259-73
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Review
Authors

Petek Akın 0009-0000-2837-4387

Murat Turhan 0009-0005-3415-2189

Süleyman Özbek 0000-0002-8548-8126

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date May 10, 2025
Acceptance Date May 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Akın P, Turhan M, Özbek S. Romatoid artrit: klinik bulgu, tanı ve tedavi stratejileri. Çukurova Tıp Öğrenci Derg. June 2025;5(1):20-28.