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Year 2014, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 42 - 53, 31.03.2014

Abstract

Phytoplankton communities of Small Lota Lake and physical-chemical properties of the lake water were examined between November 2000 and December 2001. 119 taxa belong to seven divisions in Phytoplankton. Of these taxa belong to 41 Bacillariophyta (34.6 %), 38 Chlorophyta (32.7 %), 23 Cyanophyta (19.3 %), 7 Pyrrophyta (5.9 %), 4 Cryptophyta (3.4 %), 4 Euglenophyta (3.4 %) and 2 Xanthophyta (1.7 %). The annual means of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total phosphate, nitrate, amonia, silica, calcium, sulphate and chlorophyll are 16.9 o C , 6.8 mg/l, 8.4, 56.2 µg/l, 0.2 mg/l, 149.8 µg /l, 2.6 mg/l, 417.7 mg/l, 302.3 mg/l and 1.3 µg/l respectively. Small Lota Lake exhibits oligotrophic character in terms of the biological and chemical properties.

References

  • Çetin, A.K., Şen, B. Seasonal Distribution of Phytoplankton in Orduzu Dam Lake (Malatya, Turkey), Turk J Bot, 28, 279-285, 2004.
  • Ilmavirta, V., Dynamics of phytoplankton in Finish lakes, Hydrobiologia, 86, 11–20, 1982.
  • Kıvrak, E., Karamuk Gölü (Afyonkarahisar) Fitoplankton Kommunitesinin Mevsimsel Değişimi ve Bazı Fiziko-kimyasal Özellikleri, E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, Cilt/Volume 28, Sayı/Issue 1, 9-19, 2011.
  • Rawson, D.S. Algal indicators of trophic lake types. Limnology and Oceanography, 1, 1825, 1956.
  • Trifonova, I.S. Phytoplankton composition and biomass structure in relation to trophic gradient in some temperate and subarctic lakes of north-western Russia and the Prebaltic. Hydrobiologia, 369-370, 99- 108, 1998.
  • Wetzel, R. G. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Third Edition, Academic Press, 1006 pp., 2001.
  • Reynolds, C.S., V. Huszar, C. Kruk, L. Naselli-Flores, S. Melo. Review towards a functional classification of the freshwater phytoplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 24, 417-428, 200 Kelly, M.G., Whitton, B.A. The Trophic Diatom Index: a New Index for Monitoring Eutrophication in Rivers. J. Appl. Phycol., 7, 433-444, 1995.
  • Lowe, R., Pan, Y. Benthic algal communities as biological monitors. In: Stevenson RJ, Bothwell M, Lowe R (ed.), Algal Ecology: Academic Press., pp.,705-739, 1996.
  • Schneider, S., Schranz, C., Melzer, A. Indicating the trophic state of running waters by submersed macrophytes and epilithic diatoms. Limnologica, 30, 1 – 8, 2000.
  • Prygiel, J., Carpentier, P., Almeida, S., Coste, M., Duart, J., Ector, L., Guillard, D., Honoré, M., Iserentant, R., Ledeganck, P., Lananne-Cassou, C., Lesniak, C., Mercier, I., Moncaut, P., Nazart, M., Nouchet, N., Peres, F., Peeters, V., Rimet, F., Rumeau, A., Sabater, S., Straub, F., Torrisi, M., Tudesque, T., Van de Vijver, B., Vidal, H., Vizinet, J., Zydek, N. Determination of the Biological Diatom Index (IBD NF T 90-354): Results of an Intercomparison Exercise. J. Appl. Phycol., 14, 27-39, 2002.
  • Rimet, F., Ector, L., Cauchie, H.M., Hoffmann, L. Regional Distribution of Diatom Assemblages in the Headwater Streams of Luxemburg. Hydrobiologia, 520, 105-117, 2004.
  • Taş, B., Gönülol, A., Derbent Baraj Gölü (Samsun, Türkiye)’nün Planktonik Algleri, Journal of FisheriesSciences, 1 (3), 111-123, 2007.
  • Kagalou, I., Papastergiadou, E., Tsimarakis, G., Petridis, D. Evalution of trophic state of Lake Pamvotis Greece, a shallow urban Lake. Hydrobiologia 506-509, 745-752, 2003.
  • Gökçe, A., Ceyhan, F. Miocene sediments in the southeast of the old gypsum plaster stratigraphy, structural properties and formation. J.of Enginer., 5, 91-112, 1988.
  • Günay, G. Gypsum karst, Sivas, Turkey. Environ. Geol., 42, 387-398, 2002.
  • Lund, J.W.G., Kipling, C., Gren, D.E. The inverted microscope method of estimation algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimation by counting. Hydrobiologia, 11, 143-170, 1958.
  • Prescott, G.W. Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area, Otto Koeltz Science Publishers, Germany, 977p., 1982.
  • Krammer, K. and Lange Bertalot, H. Süwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/3,3, Teil: Centrales Fragillariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 576p., 1991.
  • Krammer, K. and Lange Bertalot, H. Süwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/4,4 Teil: Achnantheceae, Kritische Erganzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 437p., 1991.
  • Krammer, K. and Lange Bertalot, H. Süwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/1,1. Teil: Naviculaceae, Spectrum Academischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, 876p., 199 Moore, J.A. Charophytes of Great Britain and İreland, Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, 140p., 1986.
  • Lind, E.M., Brook, A.J. Desmids of the English Lake District, Freshwater Bio. Assoc. Scientific Pub. No. 42, 1980.
  • Mackeret, F.J.H., Heron, J., Talling, C.F. Water Analysis: Some Revised Methods for Limnologists. Freshwater Biological Association, 120p., 1978.
  • Clesceri, S., Greenberg, E.A., Eaton, D. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20. Eddition. American Public Health Association. 1999.
  • Tabitabai, M.A. Determination of Sulphate in Waters. Sulphur İnst. J. 10, 11-13, 1974.
  • Chaney, A.L. & Morbach, E.P. Modified Reagents for The Determination of Urea and Amonia. Clin. Chem. 8, 130-132, 1962.
  • Elliot, R:J. & Porter, A.G. A Rapid Cadmium Reduction Method for The Determination of Nitrate in Bacon and Curing Brines. Analyst, Lond. 96, 522-527, 1971.
  • Mullin, J.D. & Riley, J. P. The Colorimetric Determination of Silica in Water. Part 3. Method for Determining The Total Silica Content. Analyst. Lond. 88, 446-455, 1955.
  • Rodhe, W. Environmental Requirements of Fresh Water Plankton Algae. Experimental Studies in the Ecology of Phytoplankton. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 10, 1-149, 1948.
  • Hutchinson, G. E. A treatise on Limnology, Vol: II, Introduction to Lake Biology and the Limnoplankton, John Wiley, New York, 1115 pp., 1967.
  • Round, F.E. A comparative survey of the epipelic diatom flora of some Irısh Loughs. Proceedings of royal Irısh Academy, Vol:60, Section B, No:5, 193-215, 1959.
  • Reynolds, C. S. The Ecology of Freshwater Phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, 384 p., 1993.
  • Wetzel, R.G. The Role of Carbon in Hardwater Marl Lakes. In G.E. Likens, ed. Nutrients and Eutrophication: The limiting-Nutrient Controversy. Special Symposium, Amer. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1, 84-97, 1972.
  • Şen, B., Yıldız, Ş., Akbulut, A. Karamık Gölü Planktonundaki Bacillariophyta Üyeleri ve Su Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi. XII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 5-8 Temmuz, Edirne, 166-172, 199 Legnerova, J. The Genera Ankistrodesmus Corda and Raphidium Ktitz. and Their Position In The Family Ankistrodesmusmaceae, Preslia 37, l-8, 1965.
  • Round, F.E. The Biology of the Algae, Second Edition, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, London, 278p., 1973.
  • Moss, B. A land awas with nutrients-the problem of eutrophication, Chemistry & Industry, 3 June 1996. 407-411p, 1996.
  • Stevenson, R.J., Bothwell, M.B., Lowe, R.L. Algal Ecology freshwater Benthic Ecosystems, Academic Press., p:753, 1996.
  • John, D. M., Whitton, B. A., Brook, A. J. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles, An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. Cambridge University Press, 702 p, Cambridge UK. 2003.
  • Şengül, F., Türkman, A. Su ve Atıksu Analizleri, TMMOB Çevre Mühendisleri Odası, İzmir, 1998.
  • Chapman, D., Kimstach, V. Chapter 3. Selection of Water Quality Variables. Water Quality and Assesments-A Guide to Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Enviromental Monitoring, Second Edition, Chapman, D. (ed), pp 1-56, UNESCO / WHO/ UNEP, 1996.
  • Goldman, C. R., Horne, A. J. Limnology. McGraw-Hill Int. Book Comp., 464 p., New York., 1983.
  • Taş, B. Derbent Baraj Gölü (Samsun) su kalitesinin incelenmesi. Ekoloji ve Çevre Dergisi 61, 6-15, 2006..
  • Dişli, M., Akkurt, F., Alıcılar, A. Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl Suyunun Bazı Kimyasal Parametrelerinin Mevsimlere Göre Değişiminin Değerlendirilmesi. Gazi. Üniv. Müh. Mim. Fak. Der. cilt. 19, No.3, 287-294 ,2004.

Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları

Year 2014, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 42 - 53, 31.03.2014

Abstract

Özet. Küçük Lota Gölü fitoplankton toplulukları ve göl suyunun fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri Kasım 2000-Aralık 2001 tarihleri arasında incelenmiştir. Fitoplanktonda 7 bölüme ait toplam 119 takson belirlenmiştir. Bu taksonların 41 tanesi Bacillariophyta (% 34,6), 38 tanesi Chlorophyta (% 32,7), 23 tanesi Cyanophyta (% 19,3), 7 tanesi Pyrrophyta (% 5,9), 4 tanesi Cryptophyta (% 3,4), 4 tanesi Euglenophyta (% 3,4) ve 2 tanesi Xanthophyta (% 1,7) bölümlerine aittir. Küçük lota gölünde yıllık ortalama sıcaklık: 16,9 oC, çözünmüş oksijen: 6,8 mg/l, pH: 8,4, toplam fosfat: 56,2 μg/l, nitrat: 0,2 mg/l, amonyak: 149,8 μg /l, silika: 2,6 mg/l, kalsiyum: 417,7 mg/l, sülfat: 302,3 mg/l ve klorofil a:1,3 μg/l’dir. Küçük Lota Gölü biyolojik ve kimyasal özellikleri bakımından oligotrofik karakter göstermektedir.

 

Abstract. Phytoplankton communities of Small Lota Lake and physical-chemical properties of the lake water were examined between November 2000 and December 2001. 119 taxa belong to seven divisions in Phytoplankton. Of these taxa belong to 41 Bacillariophyta (34.6 %), 38 Chlorophyta (32.7 %), 23 Cyanophyta (19.3 %), 7 Pyrrophyta (5.9 %), 4 Cryptophyta (3.4 %), 4 Euglenophyta (3.4 %) and 2 Xanthophyta (1.7 %). The annual means of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total phosphate, nitrate, amonia, silica, calcium, sulphate and chlorophyll are 16.9 oC , 6.8 mg/l, 8.4, 56.2 μg/l, 0.2 mg/l, 149.8 μg /l, 2.6 mg/l, 417.7 mg/l, 302.3 mg/l and 1.3 μg/l respectively. Small Lota Lake exhibits oligotrophic character in terms of the biological and chemical properties.

 

 

References

  • Çetin, A.K., Şen, B. Seasonal Distribution of Phytoplankton in Orduzu Dam Lake (Malatya, Turkey), Turk J Bot, 28, 279-285, 2004.
  • Ilmavirta, V., Dynamics of phytoplankton in Finish lakes, Hydrobiologia, 86, 11–20, 1982.
  • Kıvrak, E., Karamuk Gölü (Afyonkarahisar) Fitoplankton Kommunitesinin Mevsimsel Değişimi ve Bazı Fiziko-kimyasal Özellikleri, E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, Cilt/Volume 28, Sayı/Issue 1, 9-19, 2011.
  • Rawson, D.S. Algal indicators of trophic lake types. Limnology and Oceanography, 1, 1825, 1956.
  • Trifonova, I.S. Phytoplankton composition and biomass structure in relation to trophic gradient in some temperate and subarctic lakes of north-western Russia and the Prebaltic. Hydrobiologia, 369-370, 99- 108, 1998.
  • Wetzel, R. G. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Third Edition, Academic Press, 1006 pp., 2001.
  • Reynolds, C.S., V. Huszar, C. Kruk, L. Naselli-Flores, S. Melo. Review towards a functional classification of the freshwater phytoplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 24, 417-428, 200 Kelly, M.G., Whitton, B.A. The Trophic Diatom Index: a New Index for Monitoring Eutrophication in Rivers. J. Appl. Phycol., 7, 433-444, 1995.
  • Lowe, R., Pan, Y. Benthic algal communities as biological monitors. In: Stevenson RJ, Bothwell M, Lowe R (ed.), Algal Ecology: Academic Press., pp.,705-739, 1996.
  • Schneider, S., Schranz, C., Melzer, A. Indicating the trophic state of running waters by submersed macrophytes and epilithic diatoms. Limnologica, 30, 1 – 8, 2000.
  • Prygiel, J., Carpentier, P., Almeida, S., Coste, M., Duart, J., Ector, L., Guillard, D., Honoré, M., Iserentant, R., Ledeganck, P., Lananne-Cassou, C., Lesniak, C., Mercier, I., Moncaut, P., Nazart, M., Nouchet, N., Peres, F., Peeters, V., Rimet, F., Rumeau, A., Sabater, S., Straub, F., Torrisi, M., Tudesque, T., Van de Vijver, B., Vidal, H., Vizinet, J., Zydek, N. Determination of the Biological Diatom Index (IBD NF T 90-354): Results of an Intercomparison Exercise. J. Appl. Phycol., 14, 27-39, 2002.
  • Rimet, F., Ector, L., Cauchie, H.M., Hoffmann, L. Regional Distribution of Diatom Assemblages in the Headwater Streams of Luxemburg. Hydrobiologia, 520, 105-117, 2004.
  • Taş, B., Gönülol, A., Derbent Baraj Gölü (Samsun, Türkiye)’nün Planktonik Algleri, Journal of FisheriesSciences, 1 (3), 111-123, 2007.
  • Kagalou, I., Papastergiadou, E., Tsimarakis, G., Petridis, D. Evalution of trophic state of Lake Pamvotis Greece, a shallow urban Lake. Hydrobiologia 506-509, 745-752, 2003.
  • Gökçe, A., Ceyhan, F. Miocene sediments in the southeast of the old gypsum plaster stratigraphy, structural properties and formation. J.of Enginer., 5, 91-112, 1988.
  • Günay, G. Gypsum karst, Sivas, Turkey. Environ. Geol., 42, 387-398, 2002.
  • Lund, J.W.G., Kipling, C., Gren, D.E. The inverted microscope method of estimation algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimation by counting. Hydrobiologia, 11, 143-170, 1958.
  • Prescott, G.W. Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area, Otto Koeltz Science Publishers, Germany, 977p., 1982.
  • Krammer, K. and Lange Bertalot, H. Süwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/3,3, Teil: Centrales Fragillariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 576p., 1991.
  • Krammer, K. and Lange Bertalot, H. Süwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/4,4 Teil: Achnantheceae, Kritische Erganzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 437p., 1991.
  • Krammer, K. and Lange Bertalot, H. Süwasserflora von Mitteleuropa Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/1,1. Teil: Naviculaceae, Spectrum Academischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, 876p., 199 Moore, J.A. Charophytes of Great Britain and İreland, Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, 140p., 1986.
  • Lind, E.M., Brook, A.J. Desmids of the English Lake District, Freshwater Bio. Assoc. Scientific Pub. No. 42, 1980.
  • Mackeret, F.J.H., Heron, J., Talling, C.F. Water Analysis: Some Revised Methods for Limnologists. Freshwater Biological Association, 120p., 1978.
  • Clesceri, S., Greenberg, E.A., Eaton, D. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20. Eddition. American Public Health Association. 1999.
  • Tabitabai, M.A. Determination of Sulphate in Waters. Sulphur İnst. J. 10, 11-13, 1974.
  • Chaney, A.L. & Morbach, E.P. Modified Reagents for The Determination of Urea and Amonia. Clin. Chem. 8, 130-132, 1962.
  • Elliot, R:J. & Porter, A.G. A Rapid Cadmium Reduction Method for The Determination of Nitrate in Bacon and Curing Brines. Analyst, Lond. 96, 522-527, 1971.
  • Mullin, J.D. & Riley, J. P. The Colorimetric Determination of Silica in Water. Part 3. Method for Determining The Total Silica Content. Analyst. Lond. 88, 446-455, 1955.
  • Rodhe, W. Environmental Requirements of Fresh Water Plankton Algae. Experimental Studies in the Ecology of Phytoplankton. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 10, 1-149, 1948.
  • Hutchinson, G. E. A treatise on Limnology, Vol: II, Introduction to Lake Biology and the Limnoplankton, John Wiley, New York, 1115 pp., 1967.
  • Round, F.E. A comparative survey of the epipelic diatom flora of some Irısh Loughs. Proceedings of royal Irısh Academy, Vol:60, Section B, No:5, 193-215, 1959.
  • Reynolds, C. S. The Ecology of Freshwater Phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, 384 p., 1993.
  • Wetzel, R.G. The Role of Carbon in Hardwater Marl Lakes. In G.E. Likens, ed. Nutrients and Eutrophication: The limiting-Nutrient Controversy. Special Symposium, Amer. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1, 84-97, 1972.
  • Şen, B., Yıldız, Ş., Akbulut, A. Karamık Gölü Planktonundaki Bacillariophyta Üyeleri ve Su Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi. XII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 5-8 Temmuz, Edirne, 166-172, 199 Legnerova, J. The Genera Ankistrodesmus Corda and Raphidium Ktitz. and Their Position In The Family Ankistrodesmusmaceae, Preslia 37, l-8, 1965.
  • Round, F.E. The Biology of the Algae, Second Edition, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, London, 278p., 1973.
  • Moss, B. A land awas with nutrients-the problem of eutrophication, Chemistry & Industry, 3 June 1996. 407-411p, 1996.
  • Stevenson, R.J., Bothwell, M.B., Lowe, R.L. Algal Ecology freshwater Benthic Ecosystems, Academic Press., p:753, 1996.
  • John, D. M., Whitton, B. A., Brook, A. J. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles, An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. Cambridge University Press, 702 p, Cambridge UK. 2003.
  • Şengül, F., Türkman, A. Su ve Atıksu Analizleri, TMMOB Çevre Mühendisleri Odası, İzmir, 1998.
  • Chapman, D., Kimstach, V. Chapter 3. Selection of Water Quality Variables. Water Quality and Assesments-A Guide to Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Enviromental Monitoring, Second Edition, Chapman, D. (ed), pp 1-56, UNESCO / WHO/ UNEP, 1996.
  • Goldman, C. R., Horne, A. J. Limnology. McGraw-Hill Int. Book Comp., 464 p., New York., 1983.
  • Taş, B. Derbent Baraj Gölü (Samsun) su kalitesinin incelenmesi. Ekoloji ve Çevre Dergisi 61, 6-15, 2006..
  • Dişli, M., Akkurt, F., Alıcılar, A. Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl Suyunun Bazı Kimyasal Parametrelerinin Mevsimlere Göre Değişiminin Değerlendirilmesi. Gazi. Üniv. Müh. Mim. Fak. Der. cilt. 19, No.3, 287-294 ,2004.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Editorial
Authors

Ergün Kasaka

Publication Date March 31, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 35 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kasaka, E. (2014). Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 35(2), 42-53.
AMA Kasaka E. Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. August 2014;35(2):42-53.
Chicago Kasaka, Ergün. “Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri Ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 35, no. 2 (August 2014): 42-53.
EndNote Kasaka E (August 1, 2014) Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 35 2 42–53.
IEEE E. Kasaka, “Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 42–53, 2014.
ISNAD Kasaka, Ergün. “Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri Ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 35/2 (August 2014), 42-53.
JAMA Kasaka E. Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014;35:42–53.
MLA Kasaka, Ergün. “Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri Ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 35, no. 2, 2014, pp. 42-53.
Vancouver Kasaka E. Küçük Lota Gölünün (Hafik/SİVAS) Fiziksel-Kimyasal Özellikleri ve Fitoplankton Toplulukları. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014;35(2):42-53.