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Year 2015, Volume: 36 Issue: 3, 1254 - 1259, 13.05.2015

Maryam Tafarojı Yeganeh , Zahra Heıdary

Abstract

References

  • Athanasiadou, A. (1991). The discourse function of questions. Pragmatics, 1(1), 107-122.
  • Cameron, D., McAlinden, F., & O’Leary, K. (1988). Lakoff in context: the social and linguistic functions of tag questions. Women in their speech communities, 74-93.
  • Carli, L. L. (1990). Gender, language, and influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 941.
  • Chang, Y-Y (2011). The use of questions by professors1 in lectures given in English: A cross-gender comparison. Taiwan International ESP Journal, 3(2), 19-50.
  • Crosby, F., & Nyquist, L. (1977). The female register: An empirical study of Lakoff's hypothesis. Language in society, 6(03), 313-322.
  • Dubois, B. L., & Crouch, I. (1975). The question of tag questions in women's speech: they don't really use more of them, do they?↓. Language in society,4(03), 289-294.
  • Fishman, P. M. (1978). Interaction: The work women do. Social problems, 397-406.
  • Grob, L. M., Meyers, R. A., & Schuh, R. (1997). Powerful/powerless language use in group interactions: sex differences or similarities? Communication Quarterly, 45(3), 282-303.
  • Holmes, J. (1984). Hedging your bets and sitting on the fence: some evidence for hedges as support structures. Te Reo, 27(1), 47-62.
  • Holmes, J. (2013). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Routledge.
  • Kearsley, G. P. (1976). Questions and question asking in verbal discourse: A cross- disciplinary review. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 5(4), 355-375.
  • Lakoff, R. T. (1973). Language and woman's place. Language in Society, 2(1), 45-80.
  • McMillan, J. R., Clifton, A. K., McGrath, D., & Gale, W. S. (1977). Women's language: Uncertainty or interpersonal sensitivity and emotionality?. Sex Roles, 3(6), 545-559.
  • Mulac, A., Wiemann, J. M., Widenmann, S. J., & Gibson, T. W. (1988). Male/female language differences and effects in same sex and mixed sex dyads: The gender linked language effect. Communications Monographs, 55(4), 315-335.
  • Mulac, A., Studley, L. B., & Blau, S. (1990). The gender-linked language effect in primary and secondary students' impromptu essays. Sex Roles, 23(9-10), 439-470.
  • Mulac, A., Seibold, D. R., & Farris, J. L. (2000). Female and male managers’ and professionals’ criticism giving differences in language use and effects. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 19(4), 389-415.
  • Nemati, A., & Bayer, J. M. (2007). Gender differences in the use of linguistic forms in the speech of men and women: A Comparative study of Persian and English. Language in India, 7(9).
  • Newman, M. L., Groom, C. J., Handelman, L. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008). Gender differences in language use: An analysis of 14,000 text samples.Discourse Processes, 45(3), 211-236.
  • Preisler, B. (1986). Linguistic sex roles in conversation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Spolsky, B. (1989). Communicative competence, language proficiency, and beyond.   Applied Linguistics,  10(2), 138-156.
  • Steinmann Jr, M. (1982). Speech-act theory and writing. What writers know: The language, process, and structure of written discourse, 291-323.
  • Tannen, D. (1991). You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation. London: Virago.
  • Thomson, R., & Murachver, T. (2001). Predicting gender from electronic discourse. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 193-208.

Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language

Year 2015, Volume: 36 Issue: 3, 1254 - 1259, 13.05.2015

Maryam Tafarojı Yeganeh , Zahra Heıdary

Abstract

Abstract. Men and women may use different linguistic forms, although they may belong to the same social class. Many studies have been done to investigate the differences in the language use by males and females. In the same line, this study aimed to investigate the use of questions in men and women's speech in Persian society and to find out if there is any difference between males and females in the use of direct and indirect questions. The five Persian movies with a social theme were used as sources for data collection (Hich koja hich kas, Hiss dokhtarha faryad nemizanand, Man madar hastam, Inja bedoone man, and Pole choobi). The statistical procedures were employed for the analysis of the data. The t-test was used to explore whether or not there was any difference between men and women's speech. The findings indicated that there was no significant difference between males and females in the use of direct and indirect questions.

 

Keywords

gender differences corpus linguistic information-seeking interrogative questions rhetorical question

References

  • Athanasiadou, A. (1991). The discourse function of questions. Pragmatics, 1(1), 107-122.
  • Cameron, D., McAlinden, F., & O’Leary, K. (1988). Lakoff in context: the social and linguistic functions of tag questions. Women in their speech communities, 74-93.
  • Carli, L. L. (1990). Gender, language, and influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 941.
  • Chang, Y-Y (2011). The use of questions by professors1 in lectures given in English: A cross-gender comparison. Taiwan International ESP Journal, 3(2), 19-50.
  • Crosby, F., & Nyquist, L. (1977). The female register: An empirical study of Lakoff's hypothesis. Language in society, 6(03), 313-322.
  • Dubois, B. L., & Crouch, I. (1975). The question of tag questions in women's speech: they don't really use more of them, do they?↓. Language in society,4(03), 289-294.
  • Fishman, P. M. (1978). Interaction: The work women do. Social problems, 397-406.
  • Grob, L. M., Meyers, R. A., & Schuh, R. (1997). Powerful/powerless language use in group interactions: sex differences or similarities? Communication Quarterly, 45(3), 282-303.
  • Holmes, J. (1984). Hedging your bets and sitting on the fence: some evidence for hedges as support structures. Te Reo, 27(1), 47-62.
  • Holmes, J. (2013). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Routledge.
  • Kearsley, G. P. (1976). Questions and question asking in verbal discourse: A cross- disciplinary review. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 5(4), 355-375.
  • Lakoff, R. T. (1973). Language and woman's place. Language in Society, 2(1), 45-80.
  • McMillan, J. R., Clifton, A. K., McGrath, D., & Gale, W. S. (1977). Women's language: Uncertainty or interpersonal sensitivity and emotionality?. Sex Roles, 3(6), 545-559.
  • Mulac, A., Wiemann, J. M., Widenmann, S. J., & Gibson, T. W. (1988). Male/female language differences and effects in same sex and mixed sex dyads: The gender linked language effect. Communications Monographs, 55(4), 315-335.
  • Mulac, A., Studley, L. B., & Blau, S. (1990). The gender-linked language effect in primary and secondary students' impromptu essays. Sex Roles, 23(9-10), 439-470.
  • Mulac, A., Seibold, D. R., & Farris, J. L. (2000). Female and male managers’ and professionals’ criticism giving differences in language use and effects. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 19(4), 389-415.
  • Nemati, A., & Bayer, J. M. (2007). Gender differences in the use of linguistic forms in the speech of men and women: A Comparative study of Persian and English. Language in India, 7(9).
  • Newman, M. L., Groom, C. J., Handelman, L. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008). Gender differences in language use: An analysis of 14,000 text samples.Discourse Processes, 45(3), 211-236.
  • Preisler, B. (1986). Linguistic sex roles in conversation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Spolsky, B. (1989). Communicative competence, language proficiency, and beyond.   Applied Linguistics,  10(2), 138-156.
  • Steinmann Jr, M. (1982). Speech-act theory and writing. What writers know: The language, process, and structure of written discourse, 291-323.
  • Tannen, D. (1991). You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation. London: Virago.
  • Thomson, R., & Murachver, T. (2001). Predicting gender from electronic discourse. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 193-208.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Special
Authors

Maryam Tafarojı Yeganeh

Zahra Heıdary This is me

Publication Date May 13, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 36 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tafarojı Yeganeh, M., & Heıdary, Z. (2015). Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(3), 1254-1259.
AMA Tafarojı Yeganeh M, Heıdary Z. Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. May 2015;36(3):1254-1259.
Chicago Tafarojı Yeganeh, Maryam, and Zahra Heıdary. “Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 36, no. 3 (May 2015): 1254-59.
EndNote Tafarojı Yeganeh M, Heıdary Z (May 1, 2015) Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 36 3 1254–1259.
IEEE M. Tafarojı Yeganeh and Z. Heıdary, “Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 1254–1259, 2015.
ISNAD Tafarojı Yeganeh, Maryam - Heıdary, Zahra. “Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 36/3 (May 2015), 1254-1259.
JAMA Tafarojı Yeganeh M, Heıdary Z. Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2015;36:1254–1259.
MLA Tafarojı Yeganeh, Maryam and Zahra Heıdary. “Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 36, no. 3, 2015, pp. 1254-9.
Vancouver Tafarojı Yeganeh M, Heıdary Z. Gender Differences in the Use of Question in the Context of Iranian Language. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2015;36(3):1254-9.