Effectiveness of Reality Therapy on the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptom Reduction among Students

Year 2015, Volume: 36 Issue: 3, 2029 - 2038, 13.05.2015

Asgar Chubdarı , Farangis Kazemı Shahla Pezeshk

Abstract

Abstract. The present study has been carried out to explore the effectiveness of reality therapy on the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom reduction among the students of the fifth and sixth grade in the city Tehran. The methodology has been of a quasi-experimental nature with a pretest posttest design and a control group. The statistical population has been composed of the male students of the fifth and sixth grade of the city Tehran in the academic year 1393-1394 and ampling was carried out by the multistage cluster random one. After the Children Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) had been filled in by the teachers, 30 students with the points higher than the cut-off point in CSI-4 were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control group. The former group received 10 reality therapy sessions each for 90 minutes after which a posttest was given to them. To analyze the statistical data, a covariance method was applied as a result of which a meaningful reduction (p>0.001) was observed in the posttest intensity of ODD symptoms for the experimental group in comparison to the control one. Given the findings of the study, reality therapy is believed to contribute to the reduction of ODD symptoms among the students, rendering it as an effective intervention method. 

Keywords

Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms, Reality Therapy; Intervention Method

References

• American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (2007). Behavior problems in children and adolescents. Center of knowledge on Healthy Child Development. Afford Center for Child Studies. http://www.aacap.org.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5. Washington, D.C, London, England.
• Bradley, M. C. Mandell, D. (2005). Oppositional defiant disorder: A systematic review of evidence of intervention effectiveness. Journal of Experimental Criminology. 1, 343-365
• Burt, S. A. Krueger, R. F. McGue, M. Iacono, W. G. (2001). Sources of conversation among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: The importance of shared environment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology; 110: 516-525.
• Cameron, A. (2009). Regret, choice theory and reality therapy. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 28(2), 40-42.
• Carey, J.T. & McAnany, P. D. (1984). Introduction to Juvenile Delinquency: Youth and the low. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice- Hall
• Caterin, l. C. (2008). The effect of reality therapy based group counseling on the self Esteem.
• Chen, L. Jessie, B. (1987). Reality therapy with delinquent adolescent girls in open probation setting. The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong)
• Chung, M. (1994). Can reality therapy help juvenile delinquents in Hong Kong. Journal of reality therapy 14(1), 66-78
• Cornett, D. (2012). Oppositional Defiant Disorder: The issues and interventions for positive behavior management. A Capstone Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Counselor Education at.Winona State University
• Costello, E. J. Mustillo, S. Erkanli, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60:837-844
• Fahim, C., He, Y., Yoon, U., Chen, J., Evans, A., Perusse, D. (2011). Neuroanatomy of childhood disruptive behavior disorders. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4), 326-337. doi:10.1002/ab.20396.
• Gadow, K. D., Sprafkin, J. & Pierre, C. (1994). A test- retest Reliability study of the child symptom Inventory- 4: parent checklist. Unpublished data. Reported in Gadow and sprafkin. (1997). Child symptom Inventory-4 norms manual. Stony Brook, Ny: Checkmate plus.
• Glasser, W. (1985). Control theory. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
• Glasser, W. (2008). Station of the mind: New direction for reality therapy. New York.
• Glasser, W., (2003). selection theory: translated by Ali Sahebi (2010), Tehran: Sayeh Sokhan Press. (Persian)
• Greene, R. W. Biederman, J. Zerwas, S. Monteaux, M. C. Goring, J. C. Faraone, S. V. (2002). Psychiatric comorbidity, family dysfunction, and social impairment in referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder. Am J psychiatry. 15(9): 1214-1224.
• Hamilton, S. Armando, J (2008). Oppositional defiant disorder. American family Physician. 1: 78(7): 861-868. WWW.aafp.org
• Hashemi, T., Bayrami, M.,Eghbali, A., Vahedi, H., Rezaei, R. (2009). Effect of Verbal Self-training on the improvement of disease symptoms in children with oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Exceptional Children. Volume 4, Number 33, Pages 210-20. (Persian)
• Hommersen, P. Murray, C. Johan J, Johnston, C (2008). Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale: Preliminary Evidence of Reliability and Validity. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders; 14(2): 118-125.
• Kalantari, M, Neshat Dust, H., Zareie, M.B., (2001). The effect of parents' behavioral training and medical treatment on the symptoms of hyperactivity in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal psychology. Volume 2, number 5, Pages 135-118. (Persian)
• Keenan, K. (2012). Mind the Gap: Assessing impairment among children affected by proposed revisions to the diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(2), 352-359
• Kim, H. K. (2002). The effect of a Reality Therapy Program on the Responsibility for elementary school children in Korea. International Journal of Reality Therapy, XXII, 1
• Mason, C. & Duba, J. D. (2009). Using reality therapy in schools: Its potential impact on the effectiveness of the ASCA national model. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 29(1), 5-12.
• Maughan, B, Rowe R, Messer, J. et al (2004). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45:609-621.
• Mohammadesmail, E. (2004). Reviews of the Reliability, validity and determine the cut-off points for child symptoms inventory (CSI) on the students 14.6 years of elementary and secondary schools in Tehran. Tehran: Center for Exceptional Childre. (Persian)
• Nock, M. K. Kazdin, A. E. Hiripi, E. Kessler, R. C (2007). Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: Results from the National co morbidity Survey replication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry; 48: 703-713.
• Rapport, Z. (2007). Using Choice Theory to assess the needs of persons who have a disability and sexual/intimacy/romantic issues. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 27(1), 22-25.
• Rey, J.M. (2012). Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, IACAPAP, Geneva. Section D, D2 Schaefer, C. E (2009). Play therapy for preschool children. American Psychological Association's Publication.
• Safari,S., Faramarzi, S.,Abedi.,A(2012). Effectiveness of play therapy based on cognitive- behavioral approach to reduce symptoms in student's oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology. Volume 4, Number 4 (row 16), pages 11-1. (Persian)
• Scott, S. Knapp, M. Henderson, J. et al (2001). Financial cost of social exclusion: follow up study of antisocial children into adulthood. British Medical Journal, 323:191.
• Weitmann, D. (2006). Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms among Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder or Depression. A Doctoral Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Psychology in the Department of Psychology at Pace University New York.
• Wubbolding, R.E. (2000). Reality therapy for 21st century. New York (NY): Routledge.